Males and females

Much research studies had focused on the behavior of male delinquency. However, there has been a steady rise of juvenile female offenders as well as on the criminal justice system. Media has sensationalized the account of female violence. The rise in number of arrests however, can also be attributed to changes in policies in police practices, rather than a drastic change in women’s behavior. Most of these arrests were assault-related. While former juvenile offenses were once labeled as non-criminal offenses such as a girl being hit by a mother shoves her in self-defense and runs away from home. Whereas such an offense would be labeled before as â€Å"runaway† offense, today this might cause her to be charged of assault, which is a criminal offense. However, in criminal offenses such as robbery, female youths had been seen as becoming more involved in what used to be a predominantly male offense. Youth status, especially among urban girls is a causal factor for most of such crime. Pop culture among adolescents places great importance on high-end branded clothes, latest electronic gadgets, ‘looks’ that try to imitate Hollywood celebrities and fashion models, which had placed greater pressure on growing adolescents for peer acceptance. Youth pop culture has greatly caused an obvious division among differences in economic status, and the desire to â€Å"keep up the Joneses’† breeds the environment for some youths to victimize their own peers in order to buy the â€Å"desirable† goods which they would not have been able to afford otherwise. Other studies had also attributed thrill and excitement as robbery-causing factors among youths who were inclined to ‘show-off’. Although there are less occurrences of female robberies than among males, both has expressed the same motivation for committing the crime, and that is to acquire more money in order to have goods that bestow high status among peers. Female youth offenders were less likely to use weapons compared to males, and is much more characterized by harassing and hijacking youths of lesser age for petty amounts of cash and in some cases, jewelry. It has also been found that there is also a high correlation between poor relationships with mother-daughter which causes an increase among female adolescents to seek peer reputation which in turn becomes a contributing factor for female delinquency (Kerperlman & Smith-Adcock. â€Å"Female Adolescents’ Delinquent Activity†) A comparative study between male and female offenses however has shown that there is a significant difference between their criminal activities. Young men were more likely to resort to use weapons (guns) than girls. Knives were more of girls’ choice of weapon if they do resort to using one. Female offenders were more likely to commit murder because of conflict rather than during the act of other crime such as robbery. Assaults done by girls are more frequently done against one’s own family members. Males are more often arrested for more serious crimes such as rape, homicide, or burglary than young females. While there is a growing belief that female behavior has greatly changed among offenders today, suggesting that girls are taking over more masculine-related crimes, the offenses of male and female youth delinquency had both risen; therefore change of behavior cannot solely be blamed on changes of female youth behavior but changes on the over-all young population in ge neral. There is also no evidence that female offenders gained an increase of status among male peers since such offenses were done mostly among female younger victims (J. Weiler. â€Å"Girls and Violence†). Reference: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kerpelman, J & Smith-Adcock S.   â€Å"Female Adolescents’ Delinquent Activity†. Vol. 37, No. 2, 176-200. 2005 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chesney-Lind M, Paramore V. â€Å"Are Girls Getting More Violent?: Exploring Juvenile Robbery Trends†. 1998 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cited by Weiler, J. â€Å"Girls and Violence†. ERIC Digest, No. 143. http://www.ericdigests.org/1999-4/girls.htm         

For the Love of the Game Essay

The poem, â€Å"Black Hair by Gary Soto describes a boy who had and probably still has a love and passion for baseball. Many images throughout this poem support this fact. For example, â€Å"In the bleachers I was brilliant with my body, waving players in and stomping my feet,† â€Å"His crouch the one I assumed before an alter of worn baseball cards in my room,† and â€Å"Â…in my mind I rounded the bases with him, my face flared, my hair lifting/Beautifully,† show how much he loves the game of baseball by putting himself, through imagination, into the game as if he was a player or coach himself. The first image, â€Å"In the bleachers I was brilliant with my body, waving players in and stomping my feet† shows how the boy tries to put himself right there in the game with the players. It makes me believe he is a true fan who really gets into the game. He was probably one of those annoying fans who jump up right in front of you just as someone is running for home plate and you miss it because they block your view through all their excitement. During those moments he probably forgets about everyone around him and feels at that moment he is the only one there. The second image, â€Å"His crouch the one I assumed before an alter of worn baseball cards in my room† to me shows he has been a collector for a while. Some of his baseball cards could have also been his Father’s that may have been handed down to him, which in that case are also old and worn. It makes me think he frequently thumbs through them. I am imagining them to be kept in an old shoebox not really in any type of order. After a game he probably gets them out and pulls out the best players from that game. The third image, â€Å"Â…in my mind I rounded the bases with him, my face flared, my hair lifting/Beautifully† again as in the first image shows me how he really puts himself in the game. He feels like a team player and maybe dreams of one day being a professional himself like Hector Moreno. The way he describes himself by the face flaring and hair lifting makes me believe he can see himself in slow motion heading for home plate and everyone watching and cheering him on as he approaches each base. Each image I have described supports my theory about his love of baseball and his dream of one day being a professional player himself. I think with the loss of his Father, baseball has taken up a big part of his life to maybe fill the void of his loss. He has definitely picked Hector out as a big role model for him and wants to one day be as successful as Hector. He wants to big an important person that people will look up to.

Leadership In The Military

There is surely no more talent nor more hope for the future than right here in this room. I envy you and I wish I could trade places with you, but at the same time, looking at all of you I am supremely confident that here among you sit the future great captains of our military and that we can all be very confident about tomorrow. And I am convinced that if he were alive today, Gen. Marshall would be right here, for there is nothing that that great soldier loved more than to talk about service and to talk about leadership.As he himself once said on a similar occasion, looking across a room full of future leaders, â€Å"You're young,† he said, â€Å"and you're vigorous, and your service will be the foundation for peace and prosperity throughout the world. † Certainly as I look at you the same is true this morning. Truly you here in this room are our future. And it is most fitting for us to come together right here in these very halls where George Marshall once walked to h onor him and to reflect on his great contributions and to share some thoughts on leadership.If you were to think back over this century, you would realize very quickly that our Army has produced some truly remarkable military leaders. I am confident that if I were to ask all of you to take pen to paper and to write down the names of the great Army leaders of this century, you would be at it for a very long time, and when you were done, the lists that you produced would be very long. Just to name the most famous, there was, of course, Black Jack Pershing, Omar Bradley, George Patton, Dwight Eisenhower, Douglas MacArthur, Lightning Joe Collins and most recently two of my former bosses, Norman Schwarzkopf and Colin Powell.Each of these officers was remarkably gifted. But if you study them closely, you realize that each was very different, that the fame they acquired had very different roots. Omar Bradley — simple, unadorned, humble, but of them all he was the soldier's soldier à ¢â‚¬â€ loved by his subordinates and considered by Eisenhower to be the boldest and most dogged of his Army group commanders. Or there was Eisenhower himself, a leader of incalculable depth, intricacy and complexity.Some say his outward appearance and reputation were those of an officer who compromised easily, and who others thought was only thinly grounded in the knowledge of war fighting, but one with a keen sense for what it took to maintain cohesion within our W[orld] W[ar] II coalition. But if you were to look closer, you would discover that these were the traits Eisenhower wanted others to believe, for he was surrounded by huge egos, both among the talented commanders in his theater and among the nations that comprised our alliance.Quite contrary to these assertions, he held deep convictions, and he never ceded or compromised any point that he felt important. Our campaign to seize Europe from the Nazis was the very campaign he visualized at the start of the war back in 1942, a plan for which at first there was only lukewarm support among American leaders and nearly total opposition from our British allies.Yet when it was done, it was Eisenhower's approach we executed, and it was militarily brilliant. And any study of our great generals must include that incredible warrior, George Patton, a tenacious and hard-bitten fighter who felt the pulse and flow of the battlefield in his veins, who had an innate knack for inspiring soldiers to fight beyond all limits of their endurance, but also a soldier with a renowned appetite for fame and approval.And we could talk about so many others, for our Army has produced such a rich abundance of talented leaders. But there is one giant who stands above them all. That officer was, of course, George Catlett Marshall. More than any soldier of this century, I'm convinced Marshall epitomized the qualities that we want in our leaders. He had MacArthur's brilliance and courtliness. He had Patton's tenacity and drive. He had Br adley's personal magnetism, the  ability to inspire confidence and deep affection from any who came into his presence.But more than that, Marshall had the organizational skills that in a few short years converted an Army of only several hundred thousand, with only a handful of modern weapons and no modern battlefield experience, into an Army of over 8 million — the best equipped, the best fighting army in the world, an army that defeated the two most powerful empires of its time.More than that, he had a rare intuition, a nearly flawless inner sense for other men's strengths that allowed him to see the spark of leadership in others, and when he saw that spark, to place such men into key assignments and then to fully support their efforts. He did that time and again, hundreds of times, with remarkable accuracy. And as we learned after the war, he was as well perhaps the greatest statesman and visionary of his age.All of us should remember that the occupations of Germany and J apan were commanded by military officers, but we should also remember that the architect of these occupations was Marshall. But even beyond this, in 1948, with a few words uttered in a speech at Harvard, Marshall put in motion the plan that would rebuild Western Europe, that would recover its people from enormous poverty, that would reweave the entire tapestry of nations from the conflict-addicted patterns of the past to what we see today: a Western Europe poised on the edge of becoming a cohesive union of nations.What an accomplishment! It is staggering to think of what this one officer accomplished in his career of service to his nation. But most humbling is to realize that to his death Marshall remained an entirely selfless man, a man who returned to service even from a well-deserved and long-sought retirement because a president requested him to do so, a man who never, ever exploited his reputation for any personal gain. If we were to ask a sculptor to produce a bust of a great leader and  described to that sculptor all of the traits and qualities that that bust should reflect, I have absolutely no doubt that that bust would look exactly like Gen. George C. Marshall.And so for those of us like you and I, who make soldiering our way of life, it is always instructive to take the time to reflect on Gen. Marshall's career, for by so doing we are reminded of much that we should try to emulate. But you are here for a different reason. You are here because I think you worry about these next steps for you, which will lead to a gold bar of a second lieutenant.I doubt very much that you are searching for answers about how to mobilize for war, how to free an enslaved Europe or how to rebuild a destroyed nation, although some day your country may ask just that from you. If you are like I was when I waited to pin on my lieutenant's bars, your thoughts are more about the challenges of a platoon leader than those of a general. The other week while a guest on Larry King 's show, Larry asked me when I first thought of becoming a general and the chairman of the Joint Chiefs. The answer was very simple.I told him that when I was a private my ambition was to become a good one so someday I could become a good corporal. And when 36 years ago, in 1959, the year that Gen. Marshall died, I was commissioned a second lieutenant and shipped off to Fairbanks, Alaska, and became a platoon leader in the mortar battery of the 1st Battle Group of the 9th Infantry, my thoughts were certainly not on becoming a general or colonel or major or even a captain!My thoughts were on becoming a good platoon leader, about being up to the challenge of leading my soldiers, about not making a fool of myself in front of Sgt.1st Class Grice, the platoon sergeant of that first platoon of mine. And I was right to concentrate on the job at hand, for the job of a lieutenant is a tough one — in many ways, perhaps, the toughest one — but it is without a doubt also the most important, and if you take to it, also the most rewarding. I was very fortunate, because I had Sergeant Grice to guide me and to teach me. And teach and guide me he did, without ever making me feel inadequate and without ever permitting me to be ill-prepared, because he was the best!And if there is one thing I wish for each and every one of you, it is a Sergeant Grice to teach you about soldiers, about leaders, and the responsibilities and joys of soldiering together. Not everyone is as blessed as I was; not everyone finds his Sergeant Grice, and many don't not because he isn't there, but because unknowingly and foolishly they push him away. Don't do that. Look for your Sergeant Grice; NCOs have so very much to teach us. Well, what did I learn from Sergeant Grice?Certainly more than I have time to tell you here, and also because many helpful hints have probably by now faded from my memory. But what I learned then and what has been reinforced in the 36 years since is that good leader ship, whether in the world of a lieutenant or in the world of a general, is based essentially on three pillars. These three pillars he taught me are character, love and care for soldiers, and professional competence. Oh, Sergeant Grice didn't exactly use these terms, but what he believed and what he taught me fit very neatly into these three pillars.He used to say that if the platoon ever sensed that I wasn't up front with them, if they ever believed I did something so I would look good at their expense, I would very quickly lose them. How right he was. Often he would say, â€Å"Look down. Worry about what your soldiers think. Don't worry about looking up, about what the captain thinks of you. † He never said it, that's not the kind of relationship that he and I had, but I knew that if I ever said something to the platoon or to him that wasn't the absolute truth, he would never trust me again and I would be finished as a platoon leader.I would be finished as a leader. Someone once said that men of genius are admired, men of wealth are envied men of power are feared but only men of character are trusted. Without trust you cannot lead. I have never seen a good unit where the leaders weren't trusted. It's just that simple. And it isn't enough that you say the right things. What counts in a platoon is not so much what you say, but what they see you do. Gen. Powell, speaking here a few years ago, put it this way: â€Å"If you want them to work hard and endure hardship,† he observed, â€Å"you must work even harder and endure even greater hardship.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"They must see you sacrifice for them,† he said. They must see you do the hard things, they must see you giving credit to the platoon for something good you did, and they must see you take the blame for something they hadn't gotten just right. But Sergeant Grice also understood that hand in hand with character, with this inner strength that soldiers will want to see, they will also want to know and see that you really care for them, that you will sacrifice for them, that you simply enjoy being with them. Words won't get you through there, either.If you don't feel it in your heart, if you don't love your soldiers in your heart, they will know it. How often Sergeant Grice would prod me to spend the extra time to get to know the members of the platoon better, to know who needed extra training and coaching so he could fire expert on the rifle range the next time around; to talk to Pvt. Taylor, who just received a â€Å"Dear John† letter; to visit Cpl. Vencler and his wife, who had a sick child. Every day you will have soldiers who will need your care, your concern and your help.They expect and, I tell  you, they have the right to expect, 150 percent of your time and best effort. And how well I remember those evenings in the field when Sergeant Grice and I would stand in the cold, with a cup of coffee in our hands trying to warm our frozen fingers, watching the p latoon go through the chow line. Grice taught me that simple but long-standing tradition that officers go to the very end of the chow line, that the officer is the last one to eat, that the officer will take his or her first bite only after the last soldier has had a chance to eat.This tradition, as you so well know, is founded in the understanding that leaders place the welfare of their people above their own, that the officer is responsible for the welfare of the troops; that if mismanagement results in a shortage of food to feed the entire unit, that the officer will go without; that if the food gets cold while the unit is being served, that the officer will get the chilliest portion. It is a tradition that surprises many officers from other nations, but it goes to the core of the kind of leadership we provide our soldiers. But caring for our soldiers does not stop at the chow line.Nor, for that matter, does it stop with the soldiers themselves, for you know that our units are fa milies, and a soldier must have the trust that you will take care of his family, particularly when he's away from home. But caring for soldiers actually starts with making them the best possible soldiers they can be. Their satisfaction with themselves, their confidence in themselves and in the end, their lives will depend upon how well you do that part. And that perhaps is your greatest challenge as a lieutenant. It is hard work, and make no mistake about it, there are no shortcuts.But what a joy it is to watch or to talk to young men and women in uniform, who know that they are the best because a Sergeant Grice and his or her lieutenant cared to teach them and to work with them and to make them reach for the highest standards. Which brings me to the third pillar I spoke of, and that is your professional competence. As we look back on Marshall and on Patton and on MacArthur and all of the others, we realize that the skills and qualities and knowledge that made them great generals to ok decades of training, of experience and of evolution.For all of the differences between these leaders there is one thing that they had in common. Their careers were marked by a progression of difficult assignments and intense study. Always they were a snapshot of a masterpiece still in progress, still in motion. From the beginning of their careers to the end, each of them was continually applying new brushstrokes to their knowledge and to their skills. And Grice understood that very well, although he had different words for it.He knew that if our platoon was going to be good at occupying a position and firing our mortars, at hastily leaving our position should enemy artillery have found our location, at the countless things that would make us a finely honed war-fighting machine, then he had to show me, he had to teach me and to practice with me, so that when I walked that gun line the soldiers would know that I knew more than they; that if I asked them how to cut a mortar fuse, th ere was no doubt that I would know the answer, just as I would know if there was too much play in the sight mount on that mortar.And I had to feel confident that knew before they would feel confident with me. In every good leader I have met in my years of service there always was the evidence of these three qualities: character, love for soldiers and professional competence. And because they possessed these qualities, they managed to inspire their soldiers to have confidence in them. And you know, the truly great ones like George C. Marshall did not only inspire soldiers to have confidence in their leaders, but they also inspired their soldiers to have confidence in themselves.With that, let me close. As I told you in the beginning, I am deeply envious of each of you. Since the days when I first put on my uniform, I fell in love with soldiering and with soldiers, and it has been for me, by any measure, a great passion. If I could start all over today, I would not hesitate for a sing le second. I would go out and I would find old Sergeant Grice and we would be ready tomorrow morning! Good luck to you all. I envy you. Leadership in the Military There is surely no more talent nor more hope for the future than right here in this room. I envy you and I wish I could trade places with you, but at the same time, looking at all of you I am supremely confident that here among you sit the future great captains of our military and that we can all be very confident about tomorrow.And I am convinced that if he were alive today, Gen. Marshall would be right here, for there is nothing that that great soldier loved more than to talk about service and to talk about leadership.As he himself once said on a similar occasion, looking across a room full of future leaders, â€Å"You're young,† he said, â€Å"and you're vigorous, and your service will be the foundation for peace and prosperity throughout the world.† Certainly as I look at you the same is true this morning.Truly you here in this room are our future. And it is most fitting for us to come together right here in these very halls where George Marshall once walked to hono r him and to reflect on his great contributions and to share some thoughts on leadership.If you were to think back over this century, you would realize very quickly that our Army has produced some truly remarkable military leaders.I am confident that if I were to ask all of you to take pen to paper and to write down the names of the great Army leaders of this century, you would be at it for a very long time, and when you were done, the lists that you produced would be very long.Just to name the most famous, there was, of course, Black Jack Pershing, Omar Bradley, George Patton, Dwight Eisenhower, Douglas MacArthur, Lightning Joe Collins and most recently two of my former bosses, Norman Schwarzkopf and Colin Powell.Each of these officers was remarkably gifted. But if you study them closely, you realize that each was very different, that the fame they acquired had  very different roots. Omar Bradley — simple, unadorned, humble, but of them all he was the soldier's soldier â⠂¬â€ loved by his subordinates and considered by Eisenhower to be the boldest and most dogged of his Army group commanders.Or there was Eisenhower himself, a leader of incalculable depth, intricacy and complexity. Some say his outward appearance and reputation were those of an officer who compromised easily, and who others thought was only thinly grounded in the knowledge of war fighting, but one with a keen sense for what it took to maintain cohesion within our W[orld] W[ar] II coalition.But if you were to look closer, you would discover that these were the traits Eisenhower wanted others to believe, for he was surrounded by huge egos, both among the talented commanders in his theater and among the nations that comprised our alliance. Quite contrary to these assertions, he held deep convictions, and he never ceded or compromised any point that he felt important.Our campaign to seize Europe from the Nazis was the very campaign he visualized at the start of the war back in 1942, a p lan for which at first there was only lukewarm support among American leaders and nearly total opposition from our British allies. Yet when it was done, it was Eisenhower's approach we executed, and it was militarily brilliant.And any study of our great generals must include that incredible warrior, George Patton, a tenacious and hard-bitten fighter who felt the pulse and flow of the battlefield in his veins, who had an innate knack for inspiring soldiers to fight beyond all limits of their endurance, but also a soldier with a renowned appetite for fame and approval.And we could talk about so many others, for our Army has produced such a rich abundance of talented leaders. But there is one giant who stands above them all. That officer was, of course, George Catlett Marshall. More than any soldier of this century, I'm convinced Marshall epitomized the qualities that we want in our leaders. He had MacArthur's brilliance and courtliness. He had Patton's tenacity and drive. He had Bradl ey's personal magnetism, the  ability to inspire confidence and deep affection from any who came into his presence.But more than that, Marshall had the organizational skills that in a few short years converted an Army of only several hundred thousand, with only a handful of modern weapons and no modern battlefield experience, into an Army of over 8 million — the best equipped, the best fighting army in the world, an army that defeated the two most powerful empires of its time.More than that, he had a rare intuition, a nearly flawless inner sense for other men's strengths that allowed him to see the spark of leadership in others, and when he saw that spark, to place such men into key assignments and then to fully support their efforts. He did that time and again, hundreds of times, with remarkable accuracy.And as we learned after the war, he was as well perhaps the greatest statesman and visionary of his age. All of us should remember that the occupations of Germany and Japa n were commanded by military officers, but we should also remember that the architect of these occupations was Marshall.But even beyond this, in 1948, with a few words uttered in a speech at Harvard, Marshall put in motion the plan that would rebuild Western Europe, that would recover its people from enormous poverty, that would reweave the entire tapestry of nations from the conflict-addicted patterns of the past to what we see today: a Western Europe poised on the edge of becoming a cohesive union of nations. What an accomplishment!It is staggering to think of what this one officer accomplished in his career of service to his nation. But most humbling is to realize that to his death Marshall remained an entirely selfless man, a man who returned to service even from a well-deserved and long-sought retirement because a president requested him to do so, a man who never, ever exploited his reputation for any personal gain.If we were to ask a sculptor to produce a bust of a great leade r and described to that sculptor all of the traits and qualities that that bust should reflect, I have absolutely no doubt that that bust would look exactly like Gen. George C. Marshall.And so for those of us like you and I, who make soldiering our way of life, it is always instructive to take the time to reflect on Gen. Marshall's career, for by so doing we are reminded of much that we should try to emulate.But you are here for a different reason. You are here because I think you worry about these next steps for you, which will lead to a gold bar of a second lieutenant. I doubt very much that you are searching for answers about how to mobilize for war, how to free an enslaved Europe or how to rebuild a destroyed nation, although some day your country may ask just that from you.If you are like I was when I waited to pin on my lieutenant's bars, your thoughts are more about the challenges of a platoon leader than those of a general.The other week while a guest on Larry King's show, L arry asked me when I first thought of becoming a general and the chairman of the Joint Chiefs. The answer was very simple. I told him that when I was a private my ambition was to become a good one so someday I could become a good corporal. And when 36 years ago, in 1959, the year that Gen. Marshall died, I was commissioned a second lieutenant and shipped off to Fairbanks, Alaska, and became a platoon leader in the mortar battery of the 1st Battle Group of the 9th Infantry, my thoughts were certainly not on becoming a general or colonel or major or even a captain!My thoughts were on becoming a good platoon leader, about being up to the challenge of leading my soldiers, about not making a fool of myself in front of Sgt. 1st Class Grice, the platoon sergeant of that first platoon of mine.And I was right to concentrate on the job at hand, for the job of a lieutenant is a tough one — in many ways, perhaps, the toughest one — but it is without a doubt also the most important , and if you take to it, also the most rewarding.I was very fortunate, because I had Sergeant Grice to guide me and to teach me. And teach and guide me he did, without ever making me feel inadequate and without ever permitting me to be ill-prepared, because he was the best!And if there is one thing I wish for each and every one of you, it is a Sergeant Grice to teach you about soldiers, about leaders, and the responsibilities and joys of soldiering together. Not everyone is as blessed as I was; not everyone finds his Sergeant Grice, and many don't not because he isn't there, but because unknowingly and foolishly they push him away. Don't do that. Look for your Sergeant Grice; NCOs have so very much to teach us.Well, what did I learn from Sergeant Grice? Certainly more than I have time to tell you here, and also because many helpful hints have probably by now faded from my memory.But what I learned then and what has been reinforced in the 36 years since is that good leadership, wheth er in the world of a lieutenant or in the world of a general, is based essentially on three pillars.These three pillars he taught me are character, love and care for soldiers, and professional competence.Oh, Sergeant Grice didn't exactly use these terms, but what he believed and what he taught me fit very neatly into these three pillars.He used to say that if the platoon ever sensed that I wasn't up front with them, if they ever believed I did something so I would look good at their expense, I would very quickly lose them. How right he was.Often he would say, â€Å"Look down. Worry about what your soldiers think. Don't worry about looking up, about what the captain thinks of you.†He never said it, that's not the kind of relationship that he and I had, but I knew that if I ever said something to the platoon or to him that wasn't the absolute truth, he would never trust me again and I would be finished as a platoon leader. I would be finished as a leader.Someone once said that men of genius are admired, men of wealth are envied men of power are feared but only men of character are trusted. Without trust you cannot lead. I have never seen a good unit where the leaders weren't trusted. It's just that simple.And it isn't enough that you say the right things. What counts in a platoon is not so much what you say, but what they see you do.Gen. Powell, speaking here a few years ago, put it this way: â€Å"If you want them to work hard and endure hardship,† he observed, â€Å"you must work even harder and endure even greater hardship.† â€Å"They must see you sacrifice for them,† he said. They must see you do the hard things, they must see you giving credit to the platoon for something good you did, and they must see you take the blame for something they hadn't gotten just right.But Sergeant Grice also understood that hand in hand with character, with this inner strength that soldiers will want to see, they will also want to know and see that you really care for them, that you will sacrifice for them, that you simply enjoy being with them. Words won't get you through there, either. If you don't feel it in your heart, if you don't love your soldiers in your heart, they will know it.How often Sergeant Grice would prod me to spend the extra time to get to know the members of the platoon better, to know who needed extra training and coaching so he could fire expert on the rifle range the next time around; to talk to Pvt. Taylor, who just received a â€Å"Dear John† letter; to visit Cpl. Vencler and his wife, who had a sick child. Every day you will have soldiers who will need your care, your concern and your help. They expect and, I tell you, they have the right to expect, 150 percent of your time and best effort.And how well I remember those evenings in the field when Sergeant Grice and I would stand in the cold, with a cup of coffee in our hands trying to warm our frozen fingers, watching the platoon go through the chow line. Grice taught me that simple but long-standing tradition that officers go to the very end of the chow line, that the officer is the last one to eat, that the officer will take his or her first bite only after the last soldier has had a chance to eat.This tradition, as you so well know, is founded in the understanding that leaders place the welfare of their people above their own, that the officer is responsible for the welfare of the troops; that if mismanagement results in a shortage of food to feed the entire unit, that the officer will go without; that if the food gets cold while the unit is being served, that the officer will get the chilliest portion. It is a tradition that surprises many officers from other nations, but it goes to the core of the kind of leadership we provide our soldiers.But caring for our soldiers does not stop at the chow line. Nor, for that matter, does it stop with the soldiers themselves, for you know that our units are families, and a soldier must have the trust that you will take care of his family, particularly when he's away from home.But caring for soldiers actually starts with making them the best possible soldiers they can be. Their satisfaction with themselves, their confidence in themselves and in the end, their lives will depend upon how well you do that part. And that perhaps is your greatest challenge as a lieutenant. It is hard work, and make no mistake about it, there are no shortcuts.But what a joy it is to watch or to talk to young men and women in uniform, who know that they are the best because a Sergeant Grice and his or her lieutenant cared to teach them and to work with them and to make them reach for the highest standards.Which brings me to the third pillar I spoke of, and that is your professional competence. As we look back on Marshall and on Patton and on MacArthur and all of the others, we realize that the skills and qualities and knowledge that made them great generals took decades of training, of experience and of evolution. For all of the differences between these leaders there is one thing that they had in common. Their careers were marked by a progression of difficult assignments and intense study. Always they were a snapshot of a masterpiece still in progress, still in motion.From the beginning of their careers to the end, each of them was continually applying new brushstrokes to their knowledge and to their skills.And Grice understood that very well, although he had different words for it. He knew that if our platoon was going to be good at occupying a position and firing our mortars, at hastily leaving our position should enemy artillery have found our location, at the countless things that would make us a finely honed war-fighting machine, then he had to show me, he had to teach me and to practice with me, so that when I walked that gun line the soldiers would know that I knew more than they; that if I asked them how to cut a mortar fuse, there was no doubt that I would know the answer, just as I would know if there was too much play in the sight mount on that mortar. And I had to feel confident that knew before they would feel confident with me.In every good leader I have met in my years of service there always was the evidence of these three qualities: character, love for soldiers and professional competence. And because they possessed these qualities, they managed to inspire their soldiers to have confidence in them.And you know, the truly great ones like George C. Marshall did not only inspire soldiers to have confidence in their leaders, but they also inspired their soldiers to have confidence in themselves.With that, let me close. As I told you in the beginning, I am deeply envious of each of you. Since the days when I first put on my uniform, I fell in love with soldiering and with soldiers, and it has been for me, by any measure, a great passion.If I could start all over today, I would not hesitate for a single second. I would go out and I would find old Sergeant Grice and we would be ready tomorrow morning!Good luck to you all. I envy you.

Comparison Between two pieces of art. Single Gun Theory by Polly Personal Statement - 1

Comparison Between two pieces of art. Single Gun Theory by Polly Apfelbaum and Parents and Children by Matthew Ritchie - Personal Statement Example She is known for her â€Å"fallen paintings,† i.e. artwork that â€Å"exists in a contentious space between painting, sculpture and installation† (Polly). What that means is that Apfelbaum incorporates a lot of intricate fabrics and undermine shapes, and arranges them into distinctive patterns on the floor. She enjoys tackling cultural topics such as feminism, postwar and other popular culture (Polly). Apfelbaum does not stray from this description in her famous painting entitled, â€Å"Single Gun Theory.† The painting depicts various shapes and colors splayed out across a wooden floor. It is evident that the art is on the floor due to the bordering white walls and wall liners. The colors appear to have a â€Å"spilled† effect, creating the illusion or idea that multiple colored-pencils or pint has been dropped vicariously across the floor. The painting also has a 3-D effect where the top of the painting gives off the impression that is further away. It gradually gets larger from there until the bottom half overwhelms the viewer into making it seem like it is closer, like it is coming off the page. The walls themselves help issue the illustration where it is narrower at the top and wider at the bottom. The elements of design come in an array of options that can be applied to artwork. This includes, but is not limited to: line, shape, direction, size, texture, color, and value (Art). Each of these designs, or structures can be attribute to Apfelbaum’s â€Å"A Single Gun Theory† painting due to the fact that it is so expressive and dynamic. The liner marks are more distinctive on the surrounding edges where the colors are elongated. There is minimal sharing of the lines to each other because they are all marked individually by specific colors. The colors are one of the most vibrant aspects of Apfelbaum’s painting. It is what embodies the

Modern Types of Families Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Modern Types of Families - Essay Example I also believe that current family organizations are loosely connected with only a few relatives being able to identify with each other. The transition in American and the rest of the world families was influenced by the invention of farming. This changed the people’s way of life from hunters and gathers to a more settled life where they provided a workforce in the farms. Farming changed the lives of people to a more organized family unit as compared to the scattered life they used to live before. This form of life gave them a sense of family identity (Alvin and Toffler, 596). The family units were so big that they included distant relatives, friends and even strangers. The number of children in each family was greater than the old people and the lifestyle encouraged people to sire more children. This was also very important and was considered as part of wealth through family labor. It gave people status in the society since the more children one had the more he or she was res pected. This form of settlement was polygamous and men were respected in terms of the number of wives they had. People performed similar jobs since there were limited opportunities which were mainly farming (Samuels, 114). I believe this kind of settlement was necessary because families were sources of cheap labor and the more family members they were the more the production and hence increasing wealth for the family. The next transition was characterized by the emergence of industries. People settled in small family units as white collar workers and had small family units. Marriage was respected during that era and women played the role of housewives (Alvin and Toffler, 59). Men worked in the industries to provide for their families. Family sizes reduced drastically as people moved to urban areas where there were industries. Also, education was valued and children started attending local schools. The families were mainly composed of father, mother and a few children.  Ã‚  

Description of the Afterlife in Different Cultures Essay

Description of the Afterlife in Different Cultures - Essay Example That is why different cultures attach different meanings and beliefs to this afterlife. (Still3) The Greeks for instance, believe that once someone dies, they go to another world, whereby you are welcomed by a goddess who is very beautiful. Homer uses a narrative to explain this myth. He shows how Odysseus was carried in a ship together with other companions in a black ship. He also explains that there is another region which they saw, and which was covered by mist and clouds where another goddess sits. According to the Greeks, the dead communicate with each other and can always see each other. They also believe that after the end of the physical life, the spirits of the dead join the dead in the new land even before they are physically buried. That is why Elpenor and Odysseus manage to talk to one another, and that is why Elpenor sends Odysseus with a message that, he should be buried soon. (Homer 89) They also believe that the living can communicate with the dead through spirits and that one can recognize the dead by appearance. That's why when Odysseus made the sacrifice of a ram, he even saw his mother's spirit who did not speak to him, but god advised him on how to lead his life. The gods act like their seers and can foresee all the shortcomings in life, and warn their families. Greeks have different gods for different things, who also have different names. Through the sacrifices they make, the living are told what they want by talking to their god and asking these gods, questions which are not clear to them. (Homer 150) The (home) land of afterlife appears to be a very scaring place from Homers description. It appears like a lifeless place. For instance, "huge rivers, fearful waters, oceans which no man can cross on foot." This means that there is a lot of water in this land and people use boats to move across these waters. The living can communicate with the "Living" dead verbally. The dead live together as groups, and they seem to appear in groups of their gender. The women came in large numbers to drink the blood. Odysseus seems to hold a very detailed conversation with people's spirit who had died long time ago. It appears to be a question answer dialogue between him and these spirits and also the gods of the people. (Homer 601). The deaths of people can always be prophesied just like Odysseus death was prophesied. There is also revenge from the dead to those who had crossed them or killed them. The Greeks afterlife seems to have very many interactions with the living. It's like there is always a channel of interacting and communicating between the living and the dead. According to the Islamic culture, afterlife is a moment to enjoy more than the physical life. They believe that, in that land, Angels are all over taking guard on the dead; the environment is so good and very peaceful. They believe that once one dies, they go to accompany their God in a precious land. They believe that the physical life on earth is actually a preparation to the afterlife in heaven. According to them, their afterlife is in heaven, and that all generations will meet some day in that land. Once someone dies, they go to heaven and they will be judged one day, the day when all the generations will meet. However they believe that the faithful Muslims will be rewarded for their faith. That is what the Koran (Qur'an) states, and that their God is very generous. They

Resistence to Change Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Resistence to Change - Case Study Example The report further asserts that, lack of communication across the organization heightened resistance because majority of employees were unaware of impending changes that were being introduced (Griffin & Moorehead, 2012). In above connection, lack of single culture to integrate the whole organization was a significant source of resistance to change because almost every department at NASA had its own culture different from other departments (Griffin & Moorehead, 2012). Lack of proper risk mitigation measures in place to consolidated organization culture, was major factor that caused resistance to change (Columbia Accident Investigation Board, 2003). The report suggested that, termination of risky flights was not solution of reducing escalated cases of accidents but rather NASA should focus at establishing structural procedures that guarantees sustainability of a safety culture (Columbia Accident Investigation Board, 2003). Therefore, this analysis focuses at providing an insight of Col umbian mishap concerning resistance to change and how it contributes to accidents. The analysis will further focus on both individual and cultural resistance as well as the impact of the board recommendation on individual and structural barriers. Individual sources of resistance to change and their causes The Sources and causes of individual resistance could be attributed to numerous factors that may include; fear for unknown. People tend to fear uncertainties that may to occur as a result of change (Griffin, & Moorehead, 2012). This is because individuals find it difficult to cope with dynamics for instance, it can be scrutinized that lack of prior cultural integration within all departments at NASA brought great resistance (Columbia Accident Investigation Board, 2003). Additionally, Inability to adjust and start doing things using new ways may make people fear change and therefore, they may develop resistance. Inability to adjust may be overcome by ensuring that there is efficient and effective integration of NASA cultural goals and mission during the earliest juncture possible (Columbia Accident Investigation Board, 2003). In above connection, it can be scrutinized that individual developed resistance to change due to a lack of effective communication, whereby, NASA engineers could not effectively communicate safety measure to the management leading to individual resistance (Columbia Accident Investigation Board, 2003). On the other hand, NASA managers failed to communicate issues raised by engineers to all the departments leading to resistance among employees because changes were introduced without a prior notification (Columbia Accident Investigation Board, 2003). Lack of proper leadership within organization contributed significantly to individual resistance because managers were not involved in directing employees on what to do to ensure that safety standard were being observed. According to a report by Columbia Accident Investigation Board 2003, misund erstanding between managers and NASA engineers was significant source and cause of resistance. Structural sources of resistance to change and their causes The most common sources of resistance to change include; inertia within the organization structure (Griffin & Moorehead, 2012). Whereby, most organizations contain some mechanisms that enhance stability and sustainability making it difficult to

Gramsci's Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gramsci's Philosophy - Assignment Example This is because any slight manifestation of intellectual activityin any language contains varied conceptions of the world. The diverse conceptions are necessitated by the fact that everyone is unique in his or her way. Thereafter, an individual may be compelled to move to the next level of conceptualization, which entails criticism and awareness. In other words, spontaneous philosophy gives people insights on how their world is; thus, they are presented with the opportunity to take part in everything that occurs in it. Spontaneous philosophy consists of three elements namely;common sense and good sense, language and religion. First, the language in spontaneous philosophy should not have baseless words, but concepts and notions that have content. Common sense as an element of spontaneous philosophy refers to the illogical set of held beliefs and assumptions common to any society; whereas good sense refers to the concrete realistic, common sense in the English meaning of the term. Gram sci’s intention in conceptualizing spontaneous philosophy aims at giving individuals an opportunity to criticize their own conceptions of the world. This in turn, makes the world comprehensible and raises it to a level that can only be reached by the utmost advanced opinions in the whole world. In addition to that, acquiring one’s own conception of the world puts an individual within the same social framework with other individuals who are likely to share the same philosophy. 2. Discuss in detail the passage from spontaneous philosophy to philosophy of Praxis. Engage the moment of critical awareness, which serves as a transition. What, then, is philosophy of Praxis and what sets it apart from spontaneous philosophy? Spontaneous philosophy begins with individuals viewing themselves as philosophers. This is magnified by the fact that everyone is unique in his or her own way; thus, they view the world differently. The varied conceptualization of the world makes one belong to a particular group where common thoughts are shared. In these groups, thoughts and conceptualizations of individuals are tailored to make them be at par with the world’s most advanced thoughts. This forms the starting point of one’s critical elaboration since he gets the opportunity to have knowledge of himself. After comprehension of oneself, individuals are supposed to have a better understanding of the philosophical history as well as the history of culture. Knowledge of one’s history of culture and philosophy puts one in a better place to have a clear and critical conception of the world. Understanding one’s language is also central in conceptualizing the world since it lessens the intricacy in comprehending things. Language understanding also enables the translation of one culture to the other; thus, producing a new culture with an extraordinary element of intellectualorder and harmonizationis made easier. The philosophy of Praxis denotes the soc io-practical activity whereby actions and thoughts are mutually determined. It cannot present itself at the beginning in a critical and polemical appearance, but as superseding the prevailing perceptible thoughts and the existing modes of thinking. First, it must be criticize the commonsense notion, basing its arguments that everyone is a philosopher in his or her own way. Then, it must criticize the philosophy of intellectuals, from which the history of philosophy developed. Having understood these criticisms, one may conclude that philosophy of Praxis leads to a higher life conception and does not leave simple details in their nascent philosophy of common sense. 3. Discuss the differences between the two great (in Gramsci’

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 78

Reflection - Essay Example The first priority of the HR managers and officers are staffing, employment, and recruitment of staff (HR’s Evolving Role†¦, 2008). However, today the HR practitioners are performing roles such as performance management, policy development, and employee communication. In addition, the HR professionals have adopted other responsibilities such as employee counseling, and account administration, which helps in utilizing the full potential of the resource managers. The other roles currently performed by the HR managers are organizational development and legal compliance. In addition, the HR managers enable organizations to perform efficiently and compete with the other businesses. Technology plays an important role in several organizations and the HR departments are currently engaging in human resource information systems. The systems help in the performance and development of the entire organization. The factors, which have contributed to the changes in the HR profession, are the technology advancement, competition, and the need to utilize the innovative potential of every employee. The development in the modern technology affects all departments in any organization especially the HR. human resource information systems management is a vital role played by the HR professionals in their daily activities. Keeping employee data and any other information requires the HR staff to be conversant with computer knowledge and many of the application software (HR’s Evolving Role..., 2008). Competition is nowadays a challenge to many organizations as everyone strives to take the organization to a higher level. Competition, therefore, has made many organizations make use of all the staff including the HR professionals to help in brainstorming and giving ideas for a positive progress of the company. Innovation is very important in ensuring the growth of

Special education student placement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Special education student placement - Essay Example the students with disabilities attend the same schools as their grade peers in that the education programs seek to serve all the students as a single unit regardless of the needs of individual students. Inclusion classrooms have no major difference with the conventional general classroom with the only notable difference being in the individualized support given to students that require special needs. Inclusion provides a chance to students with disabilities to interact with their non-disabled peers. There are several advantages for adopting this placement over others: This is the exact opposite of the inclusion class, whereby students with disabilities are provided with individualized education programs. This is done in separate classes from other students and, therefore, allows their teachers to work and monitor these students closely (Katz and Mirenda 2002). This is a classroom where students with special needs spend a part of their class time receiving more individualized attention and help away from their general classrooms. In this placement, it is assumed that the students receive primary instructions from the general class while they receive their supplementary instructions from the resource room Katz and Mirenda 2002). Patterns of learning and development- This refers to the student’s academic ability level and needs. Teachers and parents alike should formulate a way in which the student best receives academic information. Cultural and linguistic factors- it is important to avoid stressing students with disabilities may suffer more if placed amongst other people of contradicting culture and language as theirs. It is, therefore, important to consider having their placement in an area or school that has a familiar culture to theirs (Gartner and Lipsky 1987). In order to achieve successful integration of students into the placement programs discussed above, parents and teachers should collaborate to make proper decisions. Factors such as their cultural

EFFECTS OF FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME Research Paper

EFFECTS OF FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME - Research Paper Example Collectively, the range of disorders is known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).† (Mayo clinic staff) Fetal alcohol exposure is the leading known cause of many mental problems in the western world. It is difficult for the westerners to avoid liquor completely from their daily routine food habits because of the climatic conditions and the cultural peculiarities. Drug/alcohol addiction is one of the curses for the western countries. â€Å"Its estimated that each year in the United States, 1 in every 750 infants is born with a pattern of physical, developmental, and functional problems referred to as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), while another 40,000 are born with fetal alcohol effects (FAE)† (Fetal alcohol syndrome) There is no scientific support for the type of widespread hysteria that permeates public discussion on fetal alcohol syndrome. (Prof. Hanson) Though the fact, excessive use of alcohol during pregnancy can cause problems to the child, proved beyond doubts, there are still doubts about the results of normal usages of drinks during pregnancy period. Many people still believe that a single drink daily may not cause many problems to the offspring even at the pregnancy period. â€Å"When you drink alcohol, it enters your bloodstream and reaches your developing fetus by crossing the placenta. Because a fetus metabolizes alcohol more slowly than an adult does, your developing babys blood alcohol concentrations are higher than those in your body. The presence of alcohol can impair optimal nutrition for your babys developing tissues and organs and can damage brain cells.† (Mayo clinic staff) A person’s important phase of development is his childhood before and after birth. All his future personalities will depend on his personal health both physical and mental during this period. If the brain cells damaged during childhood it is difficult to replace it and hence problems can occur at later stages. Low birth weight, small

Poem Comparison Essay Example for Free

Poem Comparison Essay The three poems are written by Wilfred Owen are based on war, and reveal the horrors of war. They are sad, and he uses these poems to express his bad feelings and hatred for war. Despite their similarities, they differ in certain ways as well. For example, Anthem for Doomed Youth is about how nobody is concerned for the dead soldiers and their efforts, Arms and The Boy is about how war transforms people into bloodthirsty monsters, and Futility is about a dead soldier lying in the fields of France. Structurally, Futility and Anthem for Doomed Youth are similar because they are both sonnets. However, they once again differ in that Futility is a more irregular sonnet, written in two verses of seven and seven with a rhyme scheme of ABABCCC DEDEFFF. It is irregular because it has no iambic pentameter, and overall the meter is very inconsistent. It uses half rhymes such as â€Å"once† and â€Å"France†, or â€Å"star† and â€Å"stir†. Anthem for Doomed Youth is more conventional with verses of eight and six, with a rhyme scheme of ABABCDCD EFFEGG. It has iambic Pentameter. Arms and the Boy have three verses of four lines with a half rhyme scheme of AABB CCDD EEFF. It has an iambic rhythm.  Arms and the Boy have a contradictory title because boys and war should not normally go together. Arms and the Boy use a register of terms to make the boy sound horrible, like a monster. It uses words and phrase such as â€Å"Hunger of Blood†, â€Å"Madman’s Flash†, and â€Å"Famishing for Flesh†. These three terms show the monstrosity of the soldiers, and criticises their thirst for killing. He shows us his feelings of hatred and despair towards them. There is also a register of predatory weapons, such as â€Å"teeth, claws, talons, antlers†. This portrays him as an animal in two ways, one is for his savageness in being so determined to kill, but also in that, animals use their bare limbs for killing, and so does he (arms to operate guns and to use bayonets). Anthem for Doomed Youth also has a contradictory title because there is no anthem for the doomed youth, as shown by â€Å"What passing bells for those who die as cattle?† which shows they died without dignity, let alone a funeral or anthem. It describes what should be their funeral, but is not. It shows what they are not getting, but really should be  getting. The second stanza shows an ending for them by using word like goodbyes and â€Å"drawing down of blinds†. The second line is very clever because it reflects Shakespeare’s saying of â€Å"life’s a theatre, and all men and women merely players†. A show ends with drawing down of curtains or blinds, and their lives metaphorically end like that. Futility is about a soldier who is dying in the sun. We are told he is a farmer because of the line â€Å"At home, whispering of fields unsown†. It portrays the sun as a mother, because of the caring words used to describe it such as gently. It portrays the sun as a kind figure that woke up the soldier on a regular basis. On this occasion, it cannot. The sunbeams â€Å"toil† to keep him awake but that still does not work. This is because nature (the sun) cannot interfere with manmade affairs (war). There is snow present, which is a figure of death because it is cold and harsh, opposite of the warm and gentle sun. He is appalled how our limbs â€Å"so dear achieved† can be used as tools as destruction.

Male And Female Gender Roles

Male And Female Gender Roles Throughout history, people who are born as men are granted access to power, position and resources (Masculinities). Cultural norms of gender roles are taught to children by their family, peer group, and community (Masculinities). Based on sufficient research, this review of literature will first focus on the historical facts about how womens status is undermined by inequality and persecution because they were deemed as inferior biological beings (Inferiority). Subsequently, the review will also answer the question of whether women in the present have successfully achieved their rights and gender roles in society completely. At a surface level, womens rights have largely been won (Gaag 146), because more women are working, more girls are being educated (Gaag 146). However, this paper will also investigate how women today continue to experience discriminations and inequality as more than half a million die unnecessarily each year from the complications of pregnancy and childbirth (Gaag 146). Lastly, the final part of this literature review will examine how women have broken free from the gender stereotypes to achieve power in terms of work and family and its effects on men and society (Marshall). A. Historical facts about the Male and Female roles Beyond the physical differences between men and women and their different reproductive functions are separate sets of socially-determined behavioral norms and performance standards attached to each gender (Thomas). However, during the era of Greek Philosopher Aristotle, Womens status was very low (inferiority). According to Aristotle, the primary function of women was to carrying on the family tree, and tending the family hearth (inferiority). The reproduction of children, especially sons (inferiority), was the main purpose of women, and all of the mens social activities were off-limits to her (inferiority). In Aristotles theory of genetics, he proposed that children were made by something he called the substance, which was found in women, and the form, which came from men (Genetics). According to his theory, Aristotle suggested that the form and the substance did not mix together but the form had a magical influence on the substance (Genetics) In other words, the man supplies the su bstance of a human being, and the women is only the nourishment (Inferiority). From Aristotles point of view, it is only men who are complete human beings and can hope for ultimate fulfillment; the best a women can hope for is to become a man (Inferiority) However, Aristotles teacher, Plato, thought differently about women (Plato). Plato believed that women had a significant role to play in society, and he thought women were necessary for society to run smoothly (Plato). According to Plato, even though he believed that females were required to function in a working society, he continue to hold the position that women were no where close to equal to men (Plato) On the other hand, Plato realized that men may have been stronger then women physically but women had strengths that were far superior in other areas (Plato) For example, he believed that women are naturally maternal and these maternal skills made them better care takers for children (Plato). Similarly to Aristotles radical vi ew on women, French military leader Napoleon Bonaparte thought, women were made for men, and men for country, family, glory, and honor (Napoleon). In the 1800s, the idea of female equality received a setback in a series of laws known as the Napoleonic Code (Napoleonic). According to the Napoleonic Code, married women in particular owed their husband obedience, and were forbidden from selling, giving, mortgaging or buying property (Napoleonic). As time progress from the Ancient Greeks to the early stages of the last century, men continued to be regarded as the persons in charge of their families (Thomas). According to census, males were considered to be the head of the household by family members, and the power within the household was completely dominated by the male figure (Thomas) and other family members were defined by their relationship to the household head (Thomas). According to experts, womens responsibility of bearing children continued until the early part of the last century (Thomas). In 1941, over 83% of 15 years old or over had birthed a child and one in five had given birth to six or more (Thomas). Womens fertility continued to be disregarded by the society, and their prominent roles (Thomas) of giving birth and raise children within a male-headed family (Thomas) was unchanged. B. Present womens success and failure at achieving the rights and power According to experts, womens rights, in theory at least, are well established (Gaag 11) and women themselves are more aware of their rights (Gaag 11). However, even though the matter of gender equality between male and females has firmly been placed on the global agenda, we cannot hide the fact that for millions of women life is still very grim (Gaag 11). Although women are having fewer children, that is 50 per cent of women now have access to modern contraceptives (Gaag 11), over half a million women continue to die each year from pregnancy and childbirth related causes (rights). Researcher found that accounted for 41 percent of all births nationwide between 1993 and 2006 (Pittman), there are 62 percent of pregnancy-related deaths (Pittman). Despite the international agreement on womens rights, the denial of womens basic human rights is persistent and widespread (Rights). Like mentioned above, becoming a mother is still a dangerous business (Gaag 26). On the economic scheme of things, during the 20th century, the proportion of married women working for pay increased more than tenfold from less than 5 percent in 1890 to more than 60 percent in 1990 (Mundy 33). The proportion of women ages 25 to 54 who are working or looking for work stands at 75 percent, up from 35 percent in 1950s (Muddy 38) Even though women have expanded their work hours, battled discrimination, and improved their credentials at precisely the time when the rewards for these are greater than ever (Muddy 38), Poverty rates are higher for women than men (Cawthorne). In 2007,13.8 percent of females were poor compared to 11.1 percent of men (Cawthorne). It was also proven by experts that women are poorer than men in all ethic groups (Cawthorne). According to collected data, the trend that men are wealthier than women is very apparent (Cawthorne). This again ties to the fact that, despite some progress in womens wages in the 1990s, women still earn less than men, even for similar kinds of work (rights). Lastly, there is no doubt that more girls are being educated the gap between boys and girls enrollments has narrowed (Gaag 11). Women have improved their credentials precisely the time when the economy craves their skills and schooling (Muddy 53). By becoming well educated, women have raised the chances that they will be employed, and they qualify for much better job than they could have expected 30 or 40 years ago (Muddy 51). According to experts, education is a key reason why womens earnings have risen and why in recent recessions, the unemployment rate for women has been lower than the rate for men (Muddy 51). Through womens persistency, women have improved their prospects more than they realize (Muddy 51). C. The drastic change in gender roles and its effects on both genders While the stereotype of the male breadwinner is still alive in many peoples minds, experts say the reality is that a growing number of women are earning as much, if not more than, their husbands (Linn). In a matter of decades, the traditional male breadwinner model has given way to one where women routinely support households and outearn the men they are married to (Muddy 5). Not that long ago, in 1970, percentage of wives who outearned their husbands was in the low single digits (Mundy 6). The dramatic increases of women earners have altered the way male and female see each other (Mundy 7). Ironically, experts estimate that there are currently about 2 million working women whose husbands are unemployed and looking for work (Linn). The effect of the gender roles shift is most apparent in the male than the female (Muddy 14). In journalism and feminist literature of the 1980s and 1990s (Muddy14), experts found that men tend to resist womens rising economic power, even retaliate against it (Muddy 14). Similarly, one of the other reactions of men towards womens earnings is that men can quit, give up and stop trying (Muddy 14). For all the arguments about women opting-out when they have children, todays mothers- particularly educated ones- are overwhelmingly likely to be employed (Muddy 38). The roles of men and women seems to have shifted, and the earning power of wives compared to husbands has risen, steadily and strongly (Muddy 39). On the other hand, the rate of participation in housework labor increased steadily for men, while the rate for women remained the same (Marshall). Among married men with children, the participation rate rose from 54% to 71%. Furthermore, while the presence of a wife lessened mens involvement in housework in 1986 (single men had a participation rate of 61%, and married men 53%), 2005 saw roughly 7 in 10 married men, both with and without children, participating in housework (Marshall). According to data on men and women rate of participation in housework, married men with children spending significantly more time on housework, and married women spending significantly less (Marshall). Whereas women, The number of hours worked has risen (Muddy 39), and women are much more likely to be working full-time, year-round, than they were 40 years ago (Muddy 39). Experts predict, in the coming years, many women will feel pleased being the familys high earner. They husband will like it too (Muddy 140). Series of surveys shown that, men and women are both less likely to say that men should earn the money and women should take care of the children in todays society (Muddy 63). According to the gradual shift in gender roles responsibilities, its safe to say that womens earning power and the vitality and success signals (Muddy 15), will lead to a genuine breakthrough in the relationship between the sexes (Muddy 15). Conclusion: In conclusion, women came a long way in achieving their rights and ideal roles in society. Based on historical facts about male and female roles, females are the majority of humanity but are everywhere victims of systematic discrimination, oppression and sexual abuse (Oppression). Through their tenacity, women thrived as powerful individuals and economically and socially bypass men. However, according to data, womens gains have been made under threat (Gaag 11), and many continued to suffer from unfavorable conditions such as poverty, childbirth complications, and workplace discrimination. Despite these persistent disadvantages of the female sex, within a generation, more households will be supported by women than by men (Muddy 78). A revolution is under way (Muddy 65).

Successful Asian Businesses

Successful Asian Businesses 1. Introduction The aim of this report was to show the association of the global business strategy in the C.P. Group industry between of Thailand firm strategy and Multinational firm strategy. The C.P. Group is the one of Asia leading successfully businesses and affiliates within the agriculture business retail, real estate and telecommunication industries. Most of well-know food products to an Asia and European countries (Asian Institute of Technology 2009). This information is also linked in to the business overview of C.P. group industries, goal of business and through effective global company strategies. Moreover, this report has showed some most significant relevant of functional of the global business strategy has come into effect in the C.P. group industry system. 2. Company Background The C.P. group industry is now become to the one of the top of the fast growing industry in Asia (Best Industry Group 2009). There are selling farm products, agriculture products, operating retail supermarkets (TESCO Lotus, Seven-Eleven), international trading, telecommunications (True corporation), plastics, pet foods, automotive, industrial products, real estates and land development (Charoen Pokphand Group 2009). The C.P. Group was founded in 1921 by the two Chearavanont brothers named Ek Chor and Chorncharoen in the heart centre of Bangkoks China town in Thailand. The two brothers began by importing seed and vegetables from China and exporting pigs and eggs to Hong Kong. In 1951, they were ready to expand into other related line of businesses, reasoning quite rightly that the seeds they were selling to the farmers would produce to the raw material crops for animal feed and more importantly. China tailers would become their customers. In 1954, the Charoen Pokphand Feed mill was se t up for the C.P. Group later. The development was lead expansion along vertical integration line, beginning with poultry, followed by swine. Moreover, in 1990 the C.P. Group has become totally feed mill corporations in Thailand and region it has become to the list of the fifth largest trade mill producer in the world (C.P food worldwide 2009). Nowadays, while retaining strong links to its native country the group also trades and invests internationally with more than 100,000 employees worldwide. Applying to The Cultural Iceberg model (2004), (see in appendix 1) the C.P. Group has parts as organizational cultural thus; Surface Culture : the C.P. Group corporation is a well know as high profile food industries and other related line of businesses in Asia Hidden Culture: The CP Groups organization structure is vertical structure. In term of financial investment the CP Group investing at least THB 123.6 billion (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2.5 billion) between 2008 to 2013, in a wide range of businesses including telecoms, property, banking and retail (Business Trade in Asia 2009) 3. Situation Analysis 3.1 Business Environment Macro Environment Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is very significant for CP Group industry to analyse Macro environment. Macro environment consist of Political, Economic, Social-cultural and technology factor. It will affect for CP Group business in Thailand. Political Thailand has unstable political environment effect from the political problem people are divided in two groups, one group support to the previous government another group support to the present government. Moreover, the 2009 group protests are also happening in Thailand. Thailand has a parliamentary democracy. Thai legal is follow by civil law concepts, which accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservation. Thailand enjoys international trade and investment, which has signed free trade agreements with several countries, including Thailand (FTA) and also a member of organizations such as WTO (Economist 2009). Economic In terms of its economy Thailand has low GDP rate (see appendix 3) effect from political problem. Thais economy is dominated by the agriculture product and travels (Thai Export Products 2009). Thais economy is expected to slow down in 2009 due to the political problem, global financial market issues and decrease in domestic demand. Moreover, the consumer price inflation seems to be a big problem. However, in term of trading it is still one of the great economic countries in South East Asia (Popline 2009) Socio-Culture Thailand is an unstable society that effect from political problem. Buddhist has become to the main religion follow by Islamic and Christian. There are around 64 million people are living in Thailand in 2009. The official national language is Thai. In term of developing countries, Thai people have a normal quality of physical environment, lifestyle and education (Thailand board of investment 2009). Technology Technology and infrastructure play a vital role in the Thailand economy. Its infrastructure is very good but the pollution problem seem to be the big issues in Thailand because lack of technology to control the pollution such as the water pollution from industrial areas. However, Thailand is the one of leader in term of communication and IT services. 4. Core Source of strategy Nowadays, Charoen Pokphand Group is the biggest food company in Thailand which has invested and managed in numerous industries in both domestic and international. Agribusiness is mainly rooted of company to penetrate directly to international market. There are three benefit philosophy of company to do business including benefit to the Country, People and Company. ( CP company 2009) The company believes in six guiding principle as they make the company different from competitor and they also useful for company to corporate in culture. The guiding principles consist of Professionalism, Product innovation, Customer satisfaction, Versatility and adaptability, Quality products at lowest prices and Dedication and loyalty of the workforce. The mission of company is to energize the body and mind of communities to which we serve. Energizing the body consist of cultivating and processing crop products for animal feed, production and further processing of livestock and aquaculture products , providing channel of food consumption thought food service and retail outlets. Energizing the mind comprise of providing integrated communication and content service through fixed, wireless and cable networks. ( CP company 2009) 4.1 Global Strategy CP has promoted as the first truly Thai global company which is planning to expand business slowly but confidently. (Bangkok Post 2003) CP focus to do RD to analysis the target market before doing business in particular countries. (Umesh 2006) In addition, the company has more focus on logistic and distribution to be an important component for future growth. (Bangkok Post 2003) The company has granted franchise of 7-11 Inc in US to operate in Thailand. Nowadays, CP 7-11 network is the forth largest retails business in the worlds which there are more than 4,000 retails in Thailand. Moreover, the company has expanded their 7-11 networks to China and has the plan to get the license to set up 7-Eleven in Vietnam and Cambodia. (Jitpleecheep 2002) In terms of Tesco Lotus, it is a jointventure between CP Company and Tesco from the UK, it was the hypermarket of CP Company in both Thailand and China. Since 2003, CP Company had sold the share of Tesco Lotus in Thailand to Tesco because the Com pany want to focus on 7-11. However, the company has kept the share of Tesco Lotus in China by operating under Lotus trademark. (CP company 2003) The Company also is planning to be a sponsor in Premier League team which can represent CP brand in the global market and create brand awareness before its competitors. (About CP company 2009) The company is planning to expand 7-11 convenience storage and Lotus in particular country as it can help company to develop in logistics sector and also help the company to distribute their products. (Bangkok Post 2003) The company expects to expand 7-Eleven convenience stores by setting up more than 1000 outlets at PTT service station which is the largest fuel product retailer in Thailand. (Jitpleecheep 2002) Moreover, the company has used the strategic to make the difference in the retails by offering a new service to customers. In addition, CP have managed 500 shops of CP Fresh Mart shops worldwide and planning to expand to 700 shops within 2011.( (Bangkok Post 2002) In terms of CPs food industry, the company has integrated as a agro-business operator which provides production technology, aquaculture practices and also have product traceability system. (Charoen 2005) The company has promoted CPs food safety standard to increase consumers confident and to complete in global market. CP expects to increase fresh eggs export business to support raising demand of consumers in Hong Kong, Africa and the Middle East.(Bangkok Post 2009) CP also expects to increase rice export from Thailand to many destinations. Thus, the company has to expand their rices supplier (millers) as the company does not mill rice by itself, the Company buys the rice and repack under Royal Umbrella brand.(Walailak 2008) 4.2 CPs strategy in China Since 1979, CP had established in China which received the first business registration certificate from Chinese government to set up the shop in specific economic zone located in Shenzhen. (CP company 2009) The company used Agribusiness as a concept to expand their business and to increase living standard. Moreover, CP Company also provided motorcycles, telecommunication, beer brewing, petrochemical and retail in China which employed more than 15,000 peoples. The company had the strategy to make a joint ventures with local company and farmer in every province to expand their business. In terms of, motorcycles sector, the company owned 70 percent of EK Chor China Motorcycle and was the first company in China on Wall Street since 1993.(Louise 1996) In 1994, the company produced more than 900,000 motorcycles. Moreover, CP had opened the first lotus Super centers in 1996 and also had the bank in Shanghai to cooperate with 4,000 SME which supplied the goods for Lotus. Nowadays, the company has more confident to increase an investment since China had joint with WTO. CP Company has invested in China more than 30 years which more than 40 percent of revenue came from China market.(Bangkok Post 2009) The Company has invested to increase the retails and its property development especially in Shanghai (Pudong), the company built up Super Brand Mall which is the biggest Asia entertainment 0complex to support high purchasing power of 160,000 shoppers.(Walailak 2007) Moreover, CP company is expected to raise in sale volume in both Lotus and Shopping mall about 13 percent within 2009. (Bangkok Post 2009) In terms of motorcycles sectors, the company focus to increase their market in Chinas provinces in stead of focusing in big city such as Beijig and Shanghai that motorcycles are not permitted to drive inner the city. As high competitive of manufacture in this sector, CP Company decided to reduce to price from 10,000 to 4,500 yuan per unit to stay in the mark et. (Thapanachai 2002) 4.3 CPs SWOT analysis Strengths High product quality The Charoen Pokphand Group (CP) has high reputation in marketplace in Thailand by using Agribusiness to be a concept for business. CP products have high quality and reliable which are be classified in high class products and they are acceptable in market. Strong policies to maintain organization growing The company focuses on theirs human resource management to maintain their company standard by promoting staff aged between 20-30 years and to give the chance for them to create idea and to run departments. The company also has job evaluations from psychometric testing and training program. Moreover, the company had set the long-term goal to be a guild line for employee to prepare themselves to achieve to objective.( (Bangkok Post 2003) Understanding the need of major market to raise living standard Thailand is land of agriculture which farmer is a majority occupation in the country. Company focuses on agriculture to be the core business by offering the seeds to farmer and provides retailer to buy the crop after harvesting. The company has integrated industrial farming. the six major steps carried out by CP were seed production, animal husbandry, animal production, food processing and marketing. All activities make the company to monopolies the agriculture market. Diversity of CP business CP has diversified the business to more than one business area that can help the company to reduce the risk. The company is not only to deal business in food industry but also to manage in telecommunications industry and to provide the retail such as 7-Eleven and Lotus to expand their food products.(Charoen 2006) Competitive price The company has used mass products to reduce the cost and to expand the market for the products. (Umseh 2007) Weaknesses Low profitability In the recent years, CPF profitability has been decreased against the increasing of revenues to over 7.9% in 2006 to 2007. Moreover, both operating profit margin and the net profit margin declined from 3.9% to 2.9% and 2% to 0.9% from 2006 to 2007 respectively. Profitability decreasing represent that the company lack of control over an operating and it can make the company to realize its growth plans. (Business Source Complete 2008) Over dependence on Thailand market More than 86% of CP products had been sold in Thailand in the recently year, it represents that the company have more concern with Thais economy. Therefore, the fluctuation in Thailand might bring negative to companys revenues.(Walailak 2007) Opportunities Increasing exports of value added meat products After the spread of Bird Flu, some countries such as Europe and Japan have banned the import of uncooked meat from Thailand thus CP company has improved theirs uncooked meat products by adding value to be cooked meat products including egg boiled in herbs, grilled chicken, duck and sauced duck. On 2006, the cooked meat export worldwide had raised by 20-30% and the demand is expected to increase globally.(Charoen 2006) Free Trade Agreement between Thailand, Australia and New Zealand The Agreement have changed the company to be more competitive in Australian and New Zealand market. It brings the great benefit for company to improve the assessment to agriculture product such as mangosteen, longan, lychee and coconut.(Walailak 2007) Threats Increasing of vegetarianism trend. The increasing health awareness of consumers drive the increasing demand to consume low carbohydrate and low calorie foods which affect to the increasing demand of vegetarian foods worldwide. The vegetarian food market worldwide is estimated to growth around $1,700 million within 2010 and Asia people are changing to become vegetarian. The vegetarianism trend might effect the sale volume of poultry and meat. ((Business Source Complete 2008) Bird and swine flu Flues become the important factor that affect the sale volume of company in both domestic and global market. In Thailand, Bird flue has hit domestic sales of chicken which chickens price went down 31 percent to approximately 24 baht per kg. In terms of global market, both European and Japan had ban the import of fresh meat from Thailand.(Charoen 2005) 5. Issues 5.1 Global Financial Crisis The financial and economic crisis in the US impacts other export markets, especially Europe and Japan. Thailand mainly export to the US, Europe and Japan. Overall Thailands exports are expected to drop at least 10 percent. This situation also impact on Thailands food exports. Thus, CP would invest in new market such as Africa, the Middle East, India and Eastern Europe, especially Russia and Ukraine. However, CP would face difficulty in expanding their business (Thai News Service, 2008). 5.2 EU quota changes CP will face pressure because EU wants to modify tariff quota for processed poultry in 2009. Currently, EU had given Thailand a export quota allocation of 252,643 tonnes. It consists of 160,033 tonnes for processed chicken and 92,610 tonnes for salted poultry. Under the quota, the tariff is 8% of the price per tonne. For chicken exported above the quota, the tariff is 53% (Thai News Service, 2009). CP was closely monitoring this problem because it might impact the companys poultry export. For this situation, Thai government is talking with the EU for maintaining or increasing the countrys export quota of processed poultry. CP will offer other trade benefits in exchange. Nevertheless, if Thai government cannot achieve the positive result in the negotiation, CPs current sales will not be affected much but it may reduce CPs chance to increase export volumes to the EU in the long term (Bangkok Post, 2009). 5.3 Bird flu After the bird flu outbreak, many countries, especially Europe and Japan, have banned the uncooked meat from Thailand. It impacts on the CPs uncooked meat exports. However, the growing global concerns the bird flu will increase the focus on cooked food and seafood products. CP is expected to sell these products 200 billion baht in 2010. Currently, cooked food, especially Thai ready-to-eat meals, gain a good response from consumers in the US, Europe and Australia. Moreover, CP will increase its fish and shrimp products in the domestic and international markets. Due to many consumers have more awareness of quality and food safety. Thus, CP should increase branding campaigns and consumer education in order to emphasize the firms food safety standards (Kittikanya, 2005). 5.4 Lack of managerial staff in China CP launched the first Lotus Supercenter in China in 1998. Now, CP has 79 Lotus outlets in China. Currently, CP stops expanding of Lotus because of a lack of managerial staff. Moreover, CP changes strategy to improve the operational efficiency. CP plans to allow local staff to make the product that is suitable for customer in each province because China is huge (Keeratipipatpong, 2007). 6. Conclusion Charoen Pokphand Group (CP) expands their business worldwide. Especially in China, CP is the largest food foreign company and also provides many kinds of product. Moreover, the development was lead expansion along vertical lines such as agriculture products, retail supermarkets (7-11 and Lotus), telecommunication, real -estate development and automotive products. CP expands their business slowly and confidently by using logistics and distribution as a key for hypermarket, it usually makes a joint venture with a local company to do the business in particular countries. CP also uses RD to analysis the target market. In addition, the company focuses on logistics and distribution. Nowadays, China is big international market for CPs products because there is high consumption from future increasing of Chinese population. Thus, this is an opportunity for CP company to increase the sale volume, brand awareness and this is a significant challenge for the next step of companys growing. Bibliographies About Charoen Pokphand Group 2009, Charoen Pokphand Group, viewed 12 September 2009, http://www.cpthailand.com/ Charoen, K 2005, CPF shifts to cooked and seafood produce, eyes higher sales, Bangkok Post(Thailand), 10 Nov, Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre, EBSCO host, AN2W60773310804, viewed 3 Sep 2009. Charoen, K 2006, CPF to tap rising Russian demand, Bangkok Post(Thailand), 7 July, Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre, EBSCO host, AN2W62W6736640724, viewed 3 Sep 2009. Charoen Pokphand Foods Public Company Limited 2008, Charoen Pokphand Foods Public Company Limited SWOT Analysis, p1-8,8p, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, AN34307048, viewed 1 Sep 2009. Charoen Pokphand Group 2009, About CP, viewed 1 Sep 2009, http://www.cpthailand.com/AboutCP/tabid/216/Default.aspx Charoen Pokphand Group 2009, Charoen Pokphand in China viewed 12 September 2009, http://www.cpthailand.com/CorporateCommunications/pageNewsroom/tabid/107/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/163/Default.aspx CP food worldwide 2009, Inside CP Group, viewed 12 September 2009, http://www.cpfworldwide.com/ CP revamps Lotus network in China 2009, Bangkok Post, 25 July, Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre, EBSCO host, AN2W6519933027, viewed 4 Sep 2009. Economist 2009, Thailands political crisis: Dousing the flames, view 12 September 2009, http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displayStory.cfm?story_id=13496330 Food safety allows CP to expand egg enterise 2009, Bangkok Post(Thailand), 18 Nov, Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre, EBSCO host, AN2W62W63112895133, viewed 3 Sep 2009. Head of Thai Agri-Product Maker Aims to Go Fully Global, 2003, Bangkok Post(Thailand), 21 Jan, Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre, EBSCO host, AN 2W63013363186, viewed 3 Sep 2009. Jitpleecheep, S 2002, Thai Group Seeks Licences to Open 7-Eleven Stores in Cambodia, Vietnam, Bangkok Post(Thailand), 28 Sep, Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre, EBSCO host, AN2W61784931632, viewed 3 Sep 2009. Keeratipipatpong, W 2007, CP to list mall on Shanghai bourse: IPO proceeds to fund expansion in China, Bangkok Post (Thailand), Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre, EBSCOhost, AN 2W64141647244, viewed 16 September 2009. Kittikanya, C 2005, CPF shifts to cooked and seafood produce, eyes higher sales, Bangkok Post (Thailand), Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre, EBSCOhost, AN 2W60773310804, viewed 11 September 2009. Louise, L 1996, Thai company putting more chihens on Chinas tables, Chinatown News, issued 10, p20, 2p, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, AN9606155618, viewed 5 Sep 2009. Popline organization 2009, Country watch: Thailand, view 11 September 2009, http://www.popline.org/docs/1346/148699.html Poultry firms eye EU quota changes 2009, Bangkok Post, 10 August, Factiva, Document BKPOST0020090809e58a000k9, viewed 10 September 2009. Thai Food Company Announces New China Strategy, 2002, Bangkok Post(Thailand), 23 May, Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre, EBSCO host, AN 2W60495805783, viewed 3 Sep 2009. Thailand board of investment 2009, Social and Culture inside Thailand, view 12 September 2009, http://www.boi.go.th/english/how/social_and_culture.asp Thailand: Charoen Pokphand executive predicts economic downturn to last at least 2 years 2008, Thai News Service, 1 October, Factiva, Document THAINS0020081001e4a10005q, viewed 16 September 2009. Thailands Charoen Pokphand Foods (CPF): Updates on 2 key issues 2009, Thai News Service, 12 August, Factiva, Document THAINS0020090811e58c000ad, viewed 10 September 2009. Thailands CP Group Investment 2009, Business Trends Asia, viewed 12 September 2009, http://www.cpfworldwide.com/cpd/en/page/ir/financial_information.aspx Thapanachai, S 2002, Thai Motorcycle Output to Rise Six-Fold, Bangkok Post(Thailand), 16 July, Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre, EBSCO host, AN 2W62415351361, viewed 4Sep 2009. The top of the fast growing industry in Asia 2007, Best Industry Group Co.,Ltd, view 10 September 2009, http://www.best-industry.com/ Umesh, P 2006, CP leads the way overseas, Bangkok Post(Thailand), 18 Nov, Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre, EBSCO host, AN 2W62W62277444032, viewed 3 Sep 2009. Umesh, P 2007, CP executive says risky move to China nearly 30 years ago has paid off, Bangkok Post(Thailand), 20 Jan, Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre, EBSCO host, AN2W61968696986, viewed 3 Sep 2009. Visit of CP Group 2009, Asian Institute of Technology, viewed 10 September 2009, http://www.careercenter.ait.ac.th/ Walailak, K 2007, CP to list mall on Shanghai bourse: IPO proceeds to fund expansion in China, 29 Oct, Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre, EBSCO host, AN2W64141647244, viewed 4 Sep 2009. Walailak, K 2007, CP unit taps demand overseas: hybrid corn projects in China also Bangkok Post(Thailand), 5 Mar, Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre, EBSCO host, AN2W61899741503, viewed 3 Sep 2009. Walailak, K 2008, CP Intertrade rushes rice-processing plant Bangkok Post(Thailand), 21 April, Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre, EBSCO host, AN2W6343344675, viewed 1 Sep 2009.

A Feminist Reading of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

Feminist Reading of Frankenstein When reading Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, one cannot help but notice that the women characters seem to have little substance compared to the male characters. This may have been caused by the time period in which she wrote: one in which females were considered inferior to males. This difference between the sexes can be looked at using a variety of different perspectives. Johanna M. Smith, a professor at the University of Texas at Arlington, discusses this issue using feminist eyes in her essay entitled "'Cooped up': Feminine Domesticity in Frankenstein." The main points in Professor Smith's essay are that the female characters are there only to reflect the male characters, and that the Frankenstein family has a weird style of living, which she describes as a "bookkeeping mentality" (Smith 279). Smith begins her essay by looking at the historical factors that may have contributed to this seemingly sexist book. Shelley, writing in the first half of the 19th Century, was in a period in which a woman "was conditioned to think she needed a man's help" (Smith 275). In the novel itself, no women speak directly. The book has three basic narrators: Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein, and Frankenstein's monster. The female characters are very weak in this novel, especially Elizabeth, Victor's cousin/fiancà © (no they aren't from Arkansas). She is portrayed as the perfect woman, especially after Victor's mother, Caroline dies. She takes the place of the mother figure in the household. But just like all the female characters in the story, her character has little substance. Victor's character is described in detail, as is that of the monster, and Henry Clerval. When Henry gets killed, sympathy is really felt toward Victor, because he has just lost his lifetime friend. When Elizabeth i s murdered, the reader finds it hard to connect with what Frankenstein is feeling. Elizabeth (and the other main female characters: Justine and Caroline) are there to reflect the men characters. Professor Smith states in her essay that "women function not in their own right but rather as signals of and conduits for men's relations with other men" (283). This is especially clear when the monster kills Elizabeth on their wedding night. The monster is upset with Victor, so instead of hurting him, he kills his wife. Elizabeth is used as a sort of ruler to measure the relationship between Victor and his monster. A Feminist Reading of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism Feminist Reading of Frankenstein When reading Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, one cannot help but notice that the women characters seem to have little substance compared to the male characters. This may have been caused by the time period in which she wrote: one in which females were considered inferior to males. This difference between the sexes can be looked at using a variety of different perspectives. Johanna M. Smith, a professor at the University of Texas at Arlington, discusses this issue using feminist eyes in her essay entitled "'Cooped up': Feminine Domesticity in Frankenstein." The main points in Professor Smith's essay are that the female characters are there only to reflect the male characters, and that the Frankenstein family has a weird style of living, which she describes as a "bookkeeping mentality" (Smith 279). Smith begins her essay by looking at the historical factors that may have contributed to this seemingly sexist book. Shelley, writing in the first half of the 19th Century, was in a period in which a woman "was conditioned to think she needed a man's help" (Smith 275). In the novel itself, no women speak directly. The book has three basic narrators: Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein, and Frankenstein's monster. The female characters are very weak in this novel, especially Elizabeth, Victor's cousin/fiancà © (no they aren't from Arkansas). She is portrayed as the perfect woman, especially after Victor's mother, Caroline dies. She takes the place of the mother figure in the household. But just like all the female characters in the story, her character has little substance. Victor's character is described in detail, as is that of the monster, and Henry Clerval. When Henry gets killed, sympathy is really felt toward Victor, because he has just lost his lifetime friend. When Elizabeth i s murdered, the reader finds it hard to connect with what Frankenstein is feeling. Elizabeth (and the other main female characters: Justine and Caroline) are there to reflect the men characters. Professor Smith states in her essay that "women function not in their own right but rather as signals of and conduits for men's relations with other men" (283). This is especially clear when the monster kills Elizabeth on their wedding night. The monster is upset with Victor, so instead of hurting him, he kills his wife. Elizabeth is used as a sort of ruler to measure the relationship between Victor and his monster.