Conjugating Spanish Indicative Imperfect Verbs

As one of Spanishs two simple past tenses, the imperfect indicative has a conjugation that is essential to learn. It is the verb form used most often to describe conditions as they existed in the past, to provide background to events, and to describe habitual actions. Using Estudiar as an Example Conjugation As with some other conjugation forms, the imperfect indicative forms are made by removing the infinitive ending of the verb (-ar, -er or -ir) and replacing it with an ending that indicates who is performing the action of the verb. For example, the infinitive form of the verb that means to study is estudiar. Its infinitive ending is -ar, leaving the stem of estudi-. To say I was studying, add -aba to the stem, forming estudiaba. To say you were studying (singular informal), add -abas to the stem, forming estudiabas. Other forms exist for other persons. (Note: In this lesson, the forms was studying, was learning and so on are used to translate the imperfect indicative. Other translations also could be used, such as used to study or even studied. The translation used depends on the context.) The endings are quite different for verbs that end in -er and -ir, but the principle is the same. Remove the infinitive ending, then add the appropriate ending to the remaining stem. List of Conjugations for the Imperfect Tense The following chart shows the conjugations for each of the three infinitive types. The added endings for each verb are indicated in boldface. The pronouns, often not needed in sentences, are included here for clarity. -Ar verbs using lavar  (to clean) as an example: yo lavaba (I was cleaning)tà º lavabas (you were cleaning)à ©l/ella/usted lavaba (he was cleaning, she was cleaning, you were cleaning)nosotros/nosotras lavà ¡bamos (we were cleaning)vosotros/vosotras lavabais (you were cleaning)ellos/ellas/ustedes lavaban (they were cleaning, you were cleaning) -Er verbs using aprender (to learn) as an example: yo aprendà ­a (I was learning)tà º aprendà ­as (you were learning)à ©l/ella/usted aprendà ­a (he was learning, she was learning, you were learning)nosotros/nosotras aprendà ­amos (we were learning)vosotros/vosotras aprendà ­ais (you were learning)ellos/ellas/ustedes aprendà ­an (they were learning, you were learning) -Ir verbs using escribir (to write) as an example: yo escribà ­a (I was writing)tà º escribà ­as (you were writing)à ©l/ella/usted escribà ­a (he was writing, she was writing, you were writing)nosotros/nosotras escribà ­amos (we were writing)vosotros/vosotras escribà ­ais (you were writing)ellos/ellas/ustedes escribà ­an (they were writing, you were writing) As you may notice, the -er and -ir verbs follow the same pattern in the imperfect indicative. Also, the first- and third-person singular forms (the I and he/she/it/you forms) are the same. Thus estudiaba could mean I was studying, he was studying, she was studying or you were studying. If the context doesnt otherwise indicate, a pronoun or subject noun is used before the verb in such cases to indicate who is performing the action. Irregular Verbs Only three verbs (and the verbs derived from them, such as prever) are irregular in the imperfect tense: Ir (to go): yo iba (I was going)tà º ibas (you were going)à ©l/ella/usted iba (he was going, she was going, you were going)nosotros/nosotras à ­bamos (we were going)vosotros/vosotras ibà ¡is (you were going)ellos/ellas/ustedes iban (they were going, you were going) Ser (to be): yo era (I was)tà º eras (you were)à ©l/ella/usted era (he was, she was, you were)nosotros/nosotras à ©ramos (we were)vosotros/vosotras erais (you were)ellos/ellas/ustedes eran (they were, you were) Ver (to see): yo veà ­a (I was seeing)tà º veà ­as (you were seeing)à ©l/ella/usted veà ­a (he was seeing, she was seeing, you were seeing)nosotros/nosotras veà ­amos (we were seeing)vosotros/vosotras veà ­ais (you were seeing)ellos/ellas/ustedes veà ­an (they were seeing, you were seeing) Sample Sentences: Llamà ³ a la policà ­a mientras yo compraba drogas. (She called the police while I was buying drugs.)Asà ­ vestà ­amos hace 100 aà ±os. (This is how we dressed 100 years ago.)Se saturaba el aire con olores. (The air was saturated with odors.) ¿Quà © hacà ­an los famosos antes de convertirse en estrellas? (What did the famous people do before they became stars?)Estaba claro que no querà ­ais otra cosa. (It was clear you didnt want another thing.)  Creo que todos eran inocentes. (I believe all were innocent.)En Buenos Aires comprà ¡bamos los regalos de Navidad. (We bought Christmas gifts in Buenos Aires.)Los indà ­genas vivà ­amos en un estado de infrahumanidad. (We indigenous people lived a state of subhumanity.)

Poverty In Kenya Essay - 1262 Words

Kenyan Assignment Kenya is a country rich in wildlife, culture, history, beauty and friendly, welcoming people. It is a country with tourist attractions, but also with areas where no one can imagine that women, children, old people live. There are areas where the disease has no cure, and the children, women, elderly die because of illnesses that in other parts of the world do not exist anymore, or if them exist, there are adequate treatments against them. At first glance when you are looking at the videos and you are reading about Kenya in general, what draws your eyes is the discrepancy between the upper class and the poor, as it points out in powerpoint presented by Elizabeth Ouma. Through the two pictures presented in powerpoint,†¦show more content†¦In the second video, â€Å"Three Generations, One Hope for Health : A Story from Kenya†, are presented the miserable conditions in which people of G live, especially the condition of children and women. There are pre sented three generations suffering from different points of view. The woman being interviewed in the video said, â€Å"I am healthy. I don’t have any problems. My only worry is my children†. But she has a great pain in her soul, pain for her daughter Neema, who has been suffering for four years of Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) (parasitic worms in the intestines). Due to her illness, the little girl not only suffers in the body, but also her intellectual capacity is lower. The third person in the video that suffers is Neema s grandmother who, although she was a very strong and healthy person during her life, now suffers from Lymphatic Filariasis, and NTD also known as Elephantiasis. What makes anyone that look at those images is the image of the grandmother and the granddaughter who, although weak and suffering, finds the power to cleanse her grandmother s legs from the accumulated worms and the dirt on the road. What is important to emphasize is that poverty and suf fering do not remove the love and dedication from the human heart. Often, the poor find more understanding and love than the rich. It is important to point out that there is a strong bond between the three generations, as the commentator says, â€Å"We are like her daughters, we must care forShow MoreRelatedThe World Bank s Land Conservation Project858 Words   |  4 PagesNATION THAT RECEIVED ITS ASSISTANCE? Shantae Carr April 18, 2017 A PROJECT OF THE WORLD BANK OR IMF THAT CREATED PROBLEMS FOR THE NATIONS THAT RECEIVED ITS ASSISTANCE? Thesis Statement This essay seeks to discuss the World Bank’s Land Conservation Project in Kenya, a project that was funded by the World Bank and resulted in problems for the country. It seeks to go in depth into if the World Bank’s assistance is provided in an unbiased and responsible manner. 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looking at public administrati... free essay sample

looking at public administration one of the biggest theories is New Public Management (NPM). This new model was used by former british prime minister Margaret Thatcher, NPM is used by governments around the planet and really is one of the more influential organization theories. NPM was made to counter deficit and debt problems of governments, the distrust of the government , and globalization which led to the decline of a new economic order (Inwood, 2012). There are many things that are appealing about new public management; it ensures the bureaucracy does not grow to powerful, downsizing of the government to lighten financial deficits, and being a result oriented is also key to NPM. One of the biggest attraction to NPM has to do with the lack of confidence in state bureaucracy due to its overall weaknesses and failures. Although these allegations against state bureaucracy were always there in the past, the intensity of such anti-bureaucratic rhetoric was significantly increased during the 1980s and 1990s by the market-friendly ruling parties in advanced capitalist nations (Haque, 2009). It was a goal of governments to make the public service more business like and blame public service. NPM caught on further and built wide support by usinWhen g catchy slogans and images to mask reality (Zavattaro, 2014). Relentlessly being under fire, the change to a NPM system was inevitable. the tarnished image of the public service was reinforced further as most governments began to hold the expansive public sector responsible for causing budget deficits and fiscal crisis, and introduced market-driven policies and structural reforms in line with the NPM model. (Haque, 2009). When NPM was first coming out politicians would blame public servants for worsening socio economic problems to make themselves look good to the public, along with the change in political ideology, after reviewing the states role and with the increase of the influence of the private sector (Gal, 2014). The focus was on making the public services more like the private sector by remaking public services views that of business management views; to be more competitive, productive, efficient, creative and customer-friendly. (Haque, 2009).Traditional Bureaucracy worked well in the early 1900s, but in a world where information manipulates economy and instant communication from around the world, it is often criticized for being too big and too slow (Inwood, 2006). Bureaucracy is meant to control workers from the top of a hierarchy, but sending messages down to the bottom and back up to the top takes too long and it ends up delaying reactions to any situation.Another concern was that the public servants had grown too powerful, even more so than politicians. While the state bureaucracy is important, they should not have more power then our elected officials, while our government got so complex the public service was working against a countrys leadership (Inwood, 2012). The governments ov er emphasis on following rules, rather than setting goals based of what is needed, NPM is geared toward market competition based on businesslike values rather than democratic values (Zavattaro, 2014). When changing the public service to follow a more business like model, it is no surprise one of the main goals for NPM is to have better cost management. While politicians focus on goals service production and delivery in the public sector should be like a market; this would increased efficiency and lower costs to the government, and the taxpayer. Downsizing government was the goal for the public service when it comes to NPM, reducing the budget and cutting cost due to rising debts or government deficits was important when NPM first came out and still is a concern. NPM suggests that the activities of public sector organizations should be marketized, i.e. that organizations should define products and services which are sold to customers. (Verbeteen, 2011). The idea is commercialization of public service, privatization, deregulation and contracting out. Rivalry due to competition is a to lower costs, offer better quality and starts to treat citizens as customers giving them more choice that was lacking before. (Inwood, 2012). Responsibility,accountability and ?exibility are also key parts of NPM. With one of NPM main focuses being on cost management, responsibility plays a big role in ensuring individual responsibility, human resource responsibility, as well as being responsible for maintaining a budget. ensuring that every person does their job, every customer is happy and that you dont go over budget is vital. Since everyone is responsible for their actions in NPM, it makes everybody accountable for what they are doing (Mader, Mields Volmberg, 2007). NPM tries to replace controlling the process with controlling results. Being accountable is an added benefit of the NPM, instead of the state bureaucracy measuring own input, the risk of losing a contract based on lack of output will make those do the job work harder and smarter. The Flexibility of NPM is another reason people are attracted to NPM, it gives managers the ability to quickly respond to customer needs, as well as encouraging managers to be creative and take more risks. ?exibility in work performance and objectives while at the same time personal responsibility, performance and motivation are increased (Mader, Mields Volmberg, 2007).international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund would disseminate NPM ideas across the developing world. NPM became a key component in the structural adjustment programs promoted by these organizations. (Curran Verger, 2013). the influence of these institutions also played a role in the spread of NPM, believing the more macro-economic stability prescriptions to be effective. Though it is usually a economic or financial crisis that would bring forth reforms, some social democratic governments in scandinavian countries have adopted NPM ideas that originally came as a way to try to modernize public education, public health or the pension system, bring about more choice for those who need it (Curran Verger, 2013). Another reason NPM spread like it did was its intent to include all citizens. government ought to be community-owned and that the role of government is to empower citizens and communities to exercise self-governance. (Miller Dunn 2006). Instead of having citizens as just recipients of public services they can engaged in the process of deciding what those services look like. NPM should get the active participation of the biggest number of people and institutions in the decision-making proce ss. This local community decides how and what services are being delivered (Miller Dunn 2006)

TranscendentalismRalph Waldo Emerson Essays - Transcendentalism

Transcendentalism:Ralph Waldo Emerson Transcendentalism: Ralph Waldo Emerson Transcendentalism, in philosophy and nature, is the belief in a higher reality than found in sense experience or in a higher knowledge than achieved by human reason. Transcendentalism upholds the goodness of humanity, the glories of nature, and the importance of free individual expression. In addition, it is maintained that an awareness of reality, or a sense of truth, is reached through reasoning by intuition. Transcendentalism also holds that material objects do not have any real existence of their own. Rather, these objects are diffused aspects of God, the Over-Soul. In its most usage, transcendentalism refers to a literary and philosophical movement that developed in the United States in the first half of the 19th century. Ralph Waldo Emerson, an American intellectual and author, helped lead the transcendentalist movement, a movement that looked to individual intuition, rather than the scientific rationalism, as the highest source of knowledge. In ?Self-Reliance? Emerson expresses his optimistic faith in the power of the individual achievement and originality. In ?Nature? Emerson considers the over arching need to discover and develop a relationship with nature and God. Emerson also explains that the human sense of beauty depends on seeing things in relation to the ?perfect whole? in his poem ?Each and All.? Ralph Waldo Emerson's transcendentalist beliefs are most evident in his essays, poems, and speeches. In ?Self-Reliance,? ?Nature,? and ?Each and All,? Emerson strived to stress his beliefs in individuality, and his strong connection with nature, beauty, and God. ?Self-Reliance? is Emerson's strongest statement of his philosophy of individualism. What he is preaching, however, was not selfishness, but the presence of divine spirit in every individual. Emerson stressed the importance of being and believing in one's self and discouraged the copying of another's image, Insist on yourself; never imitate Emerson also reveals the insignificance of consistency which clutters and clouds the mind, ?A foolish consistency is the hobglobin of little minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines. With consistency a great soul has simply nothing to do (pg. 190) Emerson is ultimately fascinated with the relation of the individual to the natural world. In ?Nature? he described the feeling of unity with all beings, as he became ?part or parcel of God.? Emerson feels that nature could take away egoism and repair all problems: In the woods we return to reason and faith. There I feel that nothing can befall me in life ? no disgrace, no calamity (leaving me my eyes), which nature cannot repair. Standing on the bare ground- my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space- all mean egoism vanishes (pg.186) In those sentences Emerson is explaining that nature is so peaceful that you forget about everything else. That nothing can come between you and the natural world. No disgrace, no calamity nothing that nature can repair. Emerson also wrote, ?In the tranquil landscape, and especially in the distant line of the horizon, man beholds somewhat as beautiful as his own nature,? (pg. 186) meaning that if a man would search deeply enough within himself he would find something as powerful and beautiful as nature to God, and felt the more connected one was to their environment and surroundings, the closer one would be to God. Lastly, Emerson believes that everything is created somehow fits together, like a puzzle, to from something he called the ?perfect whole.? In ?Each in All? Emerson explains that an object was not beautiful by itself. It needs its surroundings to have beauty and magnificence: The delicate shells lay on the shore; The bubbles of the latest wave Fresh pearls to their enamel gave, And the bellowing of the savage sea Greeted their escape to me. I wiped away the weeds and foam; I fetch my sea-born treasure home; But the poor unsightly, noisome things Had left their beauty on the shore With the sun and the sand and the wild uproar.? ?Each and All? illustrates a transformation that Emerson took, changing from a disappointed and cheated young boy to a man who learns to appreciate the beautiful world in which he lives, ?Again I saw, again I heard, the rolling river, the mourning bird. Beauty through my senses stole, I yielded myself to the perfect whole.? (Pg. 194-195) Ralph Waldo Emerson' s transcendentalism beliefs all