Belonging in As You Like It Essay Example for Free

Belonging in As You Like It EssayThe need to belong whoremaster cause us to develop comforting relationships, mightily social groups, productive workplace teams, and inspiring religious and national bonds. But it tidy sum also be responsible for hurtful and damaging behaviour when those who ar unable or unwilling to adapt are forced to conform or are completely excluded. These two aspects of belonging are plain in Shakespeares As You Like It, and Kevin Costners film Dances with Wolves and W. H. Audens satiric poem The Unknown Citizen. Shakespeare makes us aware of the contrasting qualities of the natural harmonious woodwind (where everyone seems contented and loving) and the corrupt, pompous court, controlled by the usurper Duke Frederick with his use of symbolic juxtaposition and allusion to. His fury over his daughters keep mum relationship with Rosalind (the daughter of the displaced Duke Senior) reinforces their close bond. Celia describes the two of them with a harmon ious image from the natural world coupled and inseparable.. like Junos swans.Dramatically, Shakespeare emphasises their closeness by including their good-hearted banter, and having them adopt disguises before introduction the forest. Their supportive relationship gives them strength, so that instead of feeling grief as a result of their expulsion from court, they focus on the positive. Celias comments help us to see court and forest as binary opposites when she declares now go we in content to liberty and not to banishment. Shakespeare shows us how belonging in a close relationships can occupy strength, but how this exclusivity may also be seen as a threat by others.Another text which shows a impress response to exile is Kevin Costners Academy award-winning film Dances with Wolves. In it the main character, John Dunbar voluntarily exiles himself, leaving both his own white American culture, and also the senseless Civil War that he had been fighting in, determined to see the west before it has gone. Even though he had been compelled by tradition, presentiment and a sense of duty to serve loyally, he finds himself drawn to establish stronger links with the Dakota Sioux Indians, who were commonly viewed as thieves and beggars.Like Celia in As You Like It, he does not view his exile as banishment, but as an opportunity to escape a restrictive and corrupt society in order to amass a sense of freedom and find spiritually renewal. In addition to Dunbars first person narration, the film uses a number of mis-en-scene elements, such as costuming, dialogue and symbolic motifs to show the style John Dunbar is gradually accepted into the Sioux culture. Early in his exile, we see him dressed in full uniform, and hear him employ military jargon as he describes burying excess ordinance and trying to mount an adequate defence.After his initial encounters with the Lakota Indians his new-found sense of belonging is diaphanous as he begins to enunciate their language, a nd is greeted courteously. A change of identity is indicated by his altered appearance, as he becomes clean-shaven, begins wearing a red shirt and trades his multitude hat for a knife. The film shows a montage of incidents in which Dunbar adopts Sioux customs, such as eating raw buffalo heart. Dean Semler, the cinematograph-er, uses a red dawn and passionate music to depict Dunbars sorrow when he is separated from his new friends.Finally, Dunbars assimilation into the Lakota culture is evident when he becomes able to speak fluently in Lakota, and falls in love with Stands With a Fist. Id never known who John Dunbar was. But as I heard my Sioux name (Dances with Wolves) called extinct again and again, I knew who I really was. Costners film shows us that humans have a need for relationships, but that we can belong deep down many different relationships, groups and cultures.Just as Celia and Rosalind establish new relationships in exile and are not troubled by their exclusion from court, Dunbar is restored and fulfilled by his acceptance into a more meaningful and supportive Lakota culture. In contrast to Dunbars experiences of belonging, the character of Jaques in As You Like It shows us that belonging can be impossible for masses who are very independent and highly individual. Although he goes into exile willingly he does not accept Duke Seniors analogy that adversity, like the toad, ugly and venomous, Wears yet a precious jewel in his head.For Jaques, unlike Dunbar, living in exile does not bring rewards and happiness. He insists that he loves to be miserable and to suck melancholy from a song as a weasel sucks eggs. Shakespeares use of such images from constitution is very effective in suggesting that, unlike most people, Jaques does not find the experience of being in exile with others either comfortable or necessary. This is evident from his use of highly emotive words to express his dislike of the world around him and his wish to Cleanse the foul bod y of the infected world. unavoidably his critical, judgmental character makes him an outcast ridiculed for his tears for a wounded stag. Jaques depressive nature makes it difficult for him to view life positively as he reveals in his words on the seven Ages of Man, which finishes with the tragically negative repetition of sans (meaning without) to emphasise the desperate plight of the elderly Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything. When the opportunity arises to return to court, with Duke Senior reinstated, Jaques rejects the idea as he prefers to remain in the abandoned cave rather than returning with the others to the trivial pomp of the court.His sense of moral superiority, his inflexibility and his preference for being sombre celebrate him from valuing the notion of belonging. Whereas characters like Jaques and Dunbar have the option of choosing whether to belong or not, the unknown citizen in W. H. Audens satiric poem has been forced to fit in to a tightly run cap italist bureaucracy. The poem takes the form of a eulogy written on the tombstone of this perfect member of society, who is only known by his serial number, JS/07 M 378.Auden adopts a formal, prosaic tone to praise the mans achievements when there was peace, he was for peace When there was war, he went. The tone of congratulation is clear as the monument praises JSs life and praises him for being quite normal. In appearing to praise this saint Auden is actually mocking the way those around him in the 1930s blindly relinquished their individuality to the Greater Community and he condemns the consumer society which exerts so much control over its citizens. Audens oem is laced with irony as the monument extols the virtues of JS who had everything necessary to the Modern Man A phonograph, a radio, a car and a Frigidaire. In this capitalistic mercenary society, people are valued for conformist behaviour. The ultimate irony is conveyed in the patronising final lines Was he free? Was he happy? The question is fuddled Had anything been wrong, we should certainly have heard. To belong in such a society, Auden suggests, requires people to abandon any search for freedom and happiness as these are, in the regimen view, insignificant and irrelevant.Whereas Shakespeare provides Jaques with the opportunity of maintaining his individuality by not belonging, Audens speculative vision of the world allows very little opportunity for those who choose not to belong. In contrast to the magical transformative qualities of the forest of Arden in which marriages and reunions abound, Audens sterile society depicts the negative behaviour of mindless conformity where individual names are lost, and people are only valued if they can conform to the governments expectations.The need to belong can force us to adopt conformist behaviour, and can even force humans to live a life of deceit and pretence, as Jaques commented All the worlds a stage and we are precisely players. Belonging ca n, on the other hand, provide us with comfort, security, affection and self-worth. The need to belong is certainly both a gift and a curse.

Patterns A short documentary by Kirsten Sheridan Essay Example for Free

Patterns A short documentary by Kirsten Sheridan EssayAutism is a lifelong developmental disability that shapes the way a person communicates and relates to nation roughly them. People with autism keep difficulties with e rattlingday social interactions, learning disabilities and difficulty in making sense of the world. Kirsten Sheridan found an interest in this and chose to portray it in a brief documentary. She lived with her autistic cousin and he was a strong influence on her which got her interested in autistic community. The short film is about an autistic boy and the way he sees things from his point of view and how he interprets things. I will be analysing the way Tommy acts compared to the other characters in the film, the different types of sounds utilize to represent whats going on in Tommys head, camera angles, movement, lighting, colour and editing. Also, I will be looking at the patterns and shapes established or repeated passim the film.At the start of the f ilm, there is a homely rhythmic guitar chord playing when Tommy is walking down the corridor alone. By doing this, Kirsten Sheridan gives the audience the awareness that Tommy is a simple person and that he likes things in a pattern or order. You can hear children playing outside this makes us assume that Tommy is different as he was isolated from everyone else. The long camera shots record us that Tommy is walking with his head down and taking heavy steps like he is trying to squeeze out all the noises going on around him.At the beginning of Patterns a plain, black and white check pattern is already established and gives us the notion that this pattern will be shown throughout the film. When Tommy was at school he couldnt walk across the black and white tiled floor because he was puzzled and couldnt understand the pattern. Kirsten Sheridan illustrated this by having a scene where Tommy is stood still, staring at the floor, trying to figure out the pattern. respect helps him by telling him to look up and they both count in odd numbers whilst footrace across the floor. Most autistic people count in odd numbers, prime numbers and so on.In the film you can tell that Tommy is autistic or has something wrong withhim because he doesnt face people when they are talking to him, he tends to maneuver away. When Tommy and Jimmy are walking home from school, Tommy is talking to Jimmy with his back to him, when Tommy says What time is it Jimmy? And Jimmy says Ten minutes past four. Autistic people are likely to face away from the person they are talking to.Kirsten Sheridan uses a mixture of sounds and camera shots to show unusual aspects of Tommys autism. When Tommy sources home from school and his nonplus asks him what he wants for dinner, Tommy hears a lot of different noises in the house, which results in Tommy shaking and holding his head and shouting I dont want anything to eat. Tommys experience gives him too numerous choices and autistic people like thing s in order or something they can honk in a pattern. Kirsten Sheridan muffles all the sounds, which are going on around Tommy, together so it sounds confusing for the audience to hear what is going on, so we can hear what Tommy is hearing. He then goes into the bathroom and turns the tap on to survey the water run down the drain, the repetitive pattern of the running water settles him down and puts things back in order. The close up camera shot of the running water shows us what its like from Tommys viewpoint.Tommy and Jimmy go outside to play on the swing. Jimmy is pushing Tommy on the swing and they are both laughing. Tommy appears to be enjoying this as he is in a calm, relaxed and ordered environment. Kirsten Sheridan uses a camera shot from Tommys point of view, in this scene, to show us the repeating pattern of see the grass then the sky.Kirsten Sheridan shows a distinct line between the ways the other characters dress to the way Tommy dresses. Tommy is dressed in dull, drea ry, dark clothes whereas his blood sidekick Jimmy is dressed in the complete opposite, in bright and vivid colours to show that he is a typical 8 year old. This gives us the sense that Tommy is unlike everyone else. This helps us distinguish who is autistic. Also Tommys speech and accent is different to everyone elses, the other characters all talk with an Irish accent but Tommy dialogue with an English accent.In one of the scenes the family are sat at the dinner table, Tommy and Kathleen are talking. What was my baby today? Kathleen says. Tommy replies He was the best baby, and Kathleen was very proud wasnt she? This shows that Kathleen isnt very close with Tommy as he refers to her as Kathleen not Mum.Tommy takes things that people say literally. Tommys Dad said he will be at home at 6 oclock and Tommy expects him to come through the door at exactly 6 oclock. Sheridan shows this by having a scene where Tommy is sitting on the stairs in lie of the door waiting until the time wa s precisely 6 oclock. He was making clicking noises while looking intently at the door waiting for his Dad to come home. Autistic people take what you say literally in contrast, non-autistic people dont take what people say literally because the person isnt exactly going to inhabit whats going to happen in the future.At the dinner table, Tommy is picking letters out of his bowl to art object numbers, when he cant find the T to spell eight he starts making clicking noises with his mouth and flicking his soup everywhere. His parents dont know what to do, so then Jimmy starts tapping a rhythm on the table which calms Tommy down and seems to put everything back in order in Tommys brain. Autistic people like things in order. The camera shots Kirsten Sheridan uses in this scene are very efficient, as they show us what its like to be in Tommys mind. The camera rotates around the dinner table very swiftly, this makes you feel dizzy and awkward which gives us and insight to what Tommy feel s like.Tommy is in his room listening to music when the record starts to jump which causes him to have a panic attack. Kathleen rushes over to him and tries to control him but that does nothing except instigate the hassle even more. So then Jimmy has to come in and help Tommy calm down, while Kathleen stands in the doorway crying. And Tommy says Bye now Kathleen. Not realising that his Mother was upset. Autistic people are often unaware of other peoples emotions and facial expressions.Near the end of the film Kirsten Sheridan adds a turning point, where Tommy starts to let go of his brother and the assistance he gives him. Tommy saysto Jimmy Time to go now, so bye now. Jimmy responds with Youll be on your own so. Tommy appreciates what Jimmy says and goes inside leaving Jimmy to go and play with his friends. Tommy becomes more independent at this point and this is the initial start to Tommy and Jimmy leading their individual lives.Throughout the study of Patterns I have discovered that Jimmy is a big part of Tommys life and I have presented the problems caused from Tommys autism. I think this short film is a clever method of presenting to non-autistic people the way an autistic person acts, behaves and why they do so. It also gives an inside view of how an autistic person has to deal with everyday life.Bibliographythe short documentry by Kirsten Sheridan.

Julius Caesar and John Locke’s Treatise of government

Julius Caesar and John Lockes Treatise of governmentJulius Caesar and John Lockes Treatise of government.Explain the John Lockes conspiracys reasons for taking action.In conversing Lockes cardinal Treatises of Government, Locke sets out his own perspective and arguments the complete power of the king to function without the agreement of the people. The main purpose of Lockes second treatise is to sketch the suitable score for a society and government and to elucidate why his plan was suitable. Locke speaks that the barely purpose for having a control is to harbor the usual rights that people must screw simply due to the fact that they are mortal. However, when a rgime or king (in this situation of Charles II), fails its individuals, the people are constrained to upheaval and start the rightful(prenominal) king (William, the Great Restorer). Thus, Locke inscribed his second treatise, in part, to show his backing for William III as king. (Locke and Laslett)Explain any relevant con cepts discussed by Locke (civil government radioactive decay of government)Locke asserts that genuine administration is based on the nonion of separation of powers. Main and leading of these is the legislative influence. Locke defines the governmental power as scoop up (Two Treatises2.149) in go through final power over how the power for the state shall be engaged (2.143). The government is still destined by the rule of natural surroundings and ofttimes of what it does is set down rules that additionally the objectives of normal law and identify appropriate sentences for them (2.135). The decision-making power is then indicted with enforcing the law as it is practical in explicit cases. Captivatingly, Lockes third power is named the federative power and it contains the right to act globally conferring to the law of nature.If we relate Lockes preparation of parting of influences to the advanced ideas of Montesquieu, we understand that they are not as diverse as they whitethorn originally seem. Lockes federative control and the legal power as apprehensive with the local execution of the laws Lockes policymaking power, it is more(prenominal) than a terminology than the thoughts that have altered. Locke deliberated arresting a person, trying an individual, and penalizing a individual as all part of the purpose of executing the rule quite a than as a separate function.The concept of an appeal to heaven is a signifi natest idea in Lockes believes. Locke accepts that people, when they leave the public of nature, make a government with some sort of constituents that stipulates which bodies are allowed to exercise which commands. Locke also undertakes that these authorities will be used to defend the rights of the individuals and to endorse the community corking. In cases where in that respect is a argument between the individuals and the government about whether the government is satisfying its duties, there is no advanced social authority to which one can appeal. The only plea left, for Locke, is the plea to God. The appeal to heaven, consequently, involves taking up arms against your opponent and letting God judge who is in the right.A clear position on how Locke would assess the conspiracy according to those conceptsLockes theory of confrontation does not rest on on the legal fiction, of direct majority rule actually the doctrine of resistance originates from the right of civilization to society a government which is sanctioned by the assent of the majority, which places genuine responsibilities on all members of society, and which functions for community good.The utmost endangerment to harmony and accord in culture primary to its disaggregation is an unlawful modification of its lawmaking that leaves no familiar authority. Confrontation to unlawful administration act is meant to foreshadow this possibility. Where this confrontation is too little or too late we need to regulate the conditions in which it is still defensible, de spite a lack of former vigilance, though we must suppose that late and incomplete action may demonstrate to be ineffective. It is the failure of government that defends resistance and, henceforth, legitimate confrontation is reliant on upon an precise, judicious and just valuation of governments activities.Evaluation of the decision how Locke would kill Caesar and how he would judge the actions of such characters as Caesar, Brutus, Cassius, and Mark Antony. (Direct textual analysis of both works.)In ShakespearesJulius Caesar, Brutuss killing of Julius Caesar is an honourablely vague event. Therefore, we under no circumstances truly know whether we must back Brutus or Caesar because, while Brutus is labelled as a decent man who is performing in the welfares of the average Roman, Caesar enjoys traits that Shakespeare has made able to be mute as strong and good or as tyrannical.In the play, (Shakespeare) Brutus is exemplified as the honorable Roman with Marc Antony, his opponent, sho uting him the noblest Roman of them all.(5.5.69) since of this point, if Brutus had been the one to propose the murder of Caesar, the murder could be deliberated an ethical, essential act. But it was Cassius, not Brutus, who originated up with the idea. Cassiuss cautious operation of Brutus is the basis of the act, meaning that, from the start, the idea was unreliable. Even when Brutus states Let us be sacrifices, but not butchers(2.1.167), which must be understood as him trying to take a additional moral path, he moreover embraces Lets carve him as a dish change course for the gods(2.1.174), which exemplifies the fact that, good intents or not, the collaborators are still arguing murder, and mutilation at that. While Shakespeare is able to demonstrate murder, the worst likely action, as probably the ethical path, what regulates the spectators opinion of the entire play is one query In the public, can assassination ever be reflected the ethically right choice?The response, accordin g to the theorists Locke, Rousseau, Kant, and many others is no, it cannot ever be calculated ethical. These thinkers views can preeminently be shortened by a quote from LockesSecond Treatise on Government, that all piece being all equivalent and sovereign, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or belongings, which comprises that murder is thought to be measured completely incorrect. While this quote, one of the establishing principles of our own state, is totally against assassination, I believe that, in our flawed world, it is tough to say an act is individually incorrect and that there doesnt be even one situation that homicide could be measured the finest option. Though the quote is individually against killing, it also includes liberty as somewhat that ought not to be damageed, which, as oppressors typically infringe upon rights, brings up the query When two of these morals oppose, what should do we do?I believe while Brutus and the plotters have good inte nts that could cause the killing to be tolerated, they do not, in my observance, have the essential circumstances. The plotters belief that Caesar will become a oppressor, and that preventive action is necessary to protect Rome, is founded upon many expectations. And in this case, when homicide is the preventive action, I think expectations, right or wrong, arent sufficient to defend a killing, but undisputable proof of Caesars oppression is essential.While I do not wholly agree with the absolutist declaration of Locke and Rousseau that killing is individually depraved and is not ever the best choice, I do trust that the individual or people anticipating killing a single need to have the best of purposes and undisputable evidence to nurse the motive for the decision. While murder can never be measured a good action, it will continuously be spoiled for good motives, it can be measured the best way of act in that it may be used to defuse proven oppressors and other persons that, if g one in our world, may cause the deaths and grief of many more person. In the case ofJulius Caesar, the conspirators movements cannot be reflected ethical or defensible because they necessary undisputable proof that Caesar was an oppressor and consequently required the necessary state in which murder could be accepted as a essential action.BibliographyLocke, John, and Peter Laslett. Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge England Cambridge University Press, 1988. Print. Shakespeare, William, and Arthur L. Humphreys.The Oxford Shakespeare. Julius Caesar.Oxford UP, 2008. Print.Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar. Champaign, Ill. Project Gutenberg. Print.

Role of Forensic Psychology in Child Custody Cases

Role of rhetorical Psychology in minor Custody CasesIntroductionThis is an outline of the search that the researcher intends to partake. The research under consideration involves carrying out an analysis on the role of forensic psychology in determine child custody cases. This account contains the purpose of the study, the introduction of the topic, justification for the topic, new insights of the topic, opportunities for future research, and a conclusion.PurposeThe main purpose of this work is to critically analyze the role of forensic psychology in evaluating how the moves should go handle problems of child custody amongst divorcing p arents. It is main(prenominal) to understand that during divorce, parents usually fight over the custody of their children. However, in allowing a parent to vex custody of a child, the courts have to determine what is good for the child (Clements and Wakeman, 2007). The court can achieve this objective through the help of a forensic psychologi st. found on this fact therefore, this paper go away critically look at this concept of forensic psychology, after which it will analyze its role in determining the custody of a child.Introduction of the topicDay (2014) states that child custody evaluations are meant at providing the court with information that would help the court to determine the emblem of visitation, as well as custody arrangement that is beneficial to the interest of the child. This is particularly so when parents of a child are not able to sustain a resolution concerning this issue. Pickar (2008) maintains that psychologists have an ethical obligation to recommend what is good for children, irrespective of whoever requests for their evaluation. For example, in a post divorce family, children are always promote to have a healthy, positive, and emotional supported relationship with their parents. Furthermore, Young (2008) maintains that it is the responsibility of parents to give a demonstration on their will ingness and ability to cooperatively work unitedly as co-parents.On the other hand, Dutton (2006) defines forensic psychology as an intersection between the justice system, and psychology. This concept involves understanding various fundamental legal principles, specially those that regard the testimony of witnesses, and some specific areas of concern such as the ability of a child to testify, child custody, and visitations. Furthermore, Fridhandler (2008) argues that children will always experience a problem when adjusting to divorce from their parents, and on this basis, forensic psychology can play a great role in determining how the welfare of these children can be undertaken. The main focus of this study is on how psychologists help the courts in evaluating the best method of handling a child custody issue.Justification for the TopicA research in this topic is important because of the high rate of divorce that occurs in the world. For instance, the rates of divorce in the Uni ted States stand at 3.4 in every 1000 marriages. This is a high figure when compared to the divorce rates in countries such as Japan, Spain, Denmark and Mongolia, which have a divorce rate of 2.0, 2.4, 2.7, and 0.7 respectively. Bogaerts (2010) explains that callable to these high rates of divorce, it is always children who normally suffer. This is mostly because they will lack the attention of one of their parents.This is a very sensitive issue, mostly because the kids would have to await under the care of one of their parents. Based on this fact, there is a need of the court to determine who amongst the parents is the most suitable to remain with the children. On this note, the court will have to rely on the expert advice of a forensic psychologist. On this basis, this paper will provide how this crucial role of a psychologist is important in catering for the interests of the child.New Insights of the PaperThis paper is an evaluation of previous studies conducted on forensic psy chology, and child custody. On this basis, chances are high that the researcher will come up with new information concerning the role of psychologists and child custody. This is through a critical evaluation of a variety of works, belonging to different scholars, and access up with an independent conclusion, based on the results of the analysis.Opportunities for future researchPsychology is an ever expanding field of study. This aspect of forensic psychology has numerous opportunities for future research. Opportunities are high that scholars would start studying on how to use psychology for purposes of stopping or minimizing the growth of divorce in the world (Steel, 2010). In fact, psychological commission normally takes place before couples are married, but little research exist on how to effectively use psychology to prevent a resolve of the marriage institution. It is important to understand that when marriages are saved, these issues of child custody will not emerge. On this basis, psychologists will manage to cater for the interests of children.ConclusionIn conclusion, the major(ip) purpose of this research is to understand the importance of forensic psychology, in catering for the needs of children during divorce. This paper is motivated on the fact that there are uprise instances of divorce in the current century, and hence there is a need of protecting the interests of children in such a set up. This paper will seek the various researches done on the topic, after which the researcher will come up with a conclusion based on the results of the exploration.BibliographyBogaerts, S. (2010). Emerging International Perspectives in Forensic Psychology IndividualLevel Analyses. journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 10(4), 263-266.Clements, C. B., Wakeman, E. E. (2007). Raising the Bar The Case for Doctoral Training inForensic Psychology. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 7(2), 53-63.Day, A. (2014). Competing ethical paradigms in forensic psychia try and forensic psychologyCommentary for a special section of legal and criminological psychology. lawful andCriminological Psychology, 19(1), 16-18.Dutton, D. G. (2006). Domestic Abuse Assessment in Child Custody Disputes Beware theDomestic Violence Research Paradigm. Journal of Child Custody, 2(4), 23-42.Fridhandler, B. (2008). Science and Child Custody Evaluations What Qualifies as Scientific?.Journal of Child Custody, 5(3-4), 256-275.Pickar, D. (2008). Countertransference Bias in the Child Custody Evaluator. Journal of ChildCustody, 4(3), 45-67.Steel, J. (2010). Forensic psychology. Research, clinical practice, and applications. Journal ofForensic Psychiatry Psychology, 21(2), 317-319.Young, S. (2008). Learning Forensic Assessment. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry Psychology,19(4), 643-644.

Greek History Class and Status

Greek History Class and StatusAre at that place any special sharpnesss to be had from analysing Greek muniment in terms of every category or status?Greek history merchant shipnot be viewed as complete without analysing the class structure and status, as most of the historical evidence we welcome acquired from the classical period have come from inscriptions and sculptures made by unmatchable particular class of people, who had a high status in federation.Thusly it is not necessarily about gaining special cortical potentials as it is gaining as complete an insight into Greek Ancient history as possible, though special insights will inevitably present themselves.This side of Greek history has scarce been focused on since these issues have come to the fore in juvenile times what with Marxism and communism rising in the 20th Century these issues of class and status come chthonic classical scrutiny because it is inevitable that they were as germane(predicate) then as they a re now because human nature does not change and you will carry out clear comparisons.Only men native to a particular city-state who were free and owned land were entitled to the full protection of the law in a city-state and be considered citizens. The Athenian social structure consisted of the population being divided up into four classes based on wealth.This differs from Sparta where all male citizens who finished their command were considered equal. So it is clear that insights can be gained from analysing Greek history because both class and status are issues that classical historians must understand in outrank to have as complete as possible outlook on Greek history.People who were not part of the free land owning citizens were known as metics. Foreigners who moved into the city were part of this group, so too were slaves who had been freed. It can certainly be argued that this is exploitation of and looking at down on certain groups of people show us a special insight int o how the disparate classes saw each opposite and the status each acquired. This insight could not be attained without analysing the class or status.Because they did not have the technology we have nowadays in antiquity, G. E. M. de Ste. Croix argues in his concur The Class battle in the Ancient Greek mankind that the dominant laden classes continued to dominate by demanding a lot more than was actually necessary from the lower classes. Such things as slavery, serfs, debt bondsmen and many other methods were employed to stop the lower classes from rebelling by keeping them busy.This is backed up by people such as Aristotle, who wrote in his Politics that men (meaning citizens of the state) were clear-sighted animals hardly slaves and women were not capable of reason. He called slaves animate tools whose only use was to obey the commands of the rich masters. In his Politics work he writes, But among barbarians no distinction is made between women and slaves, because on that point is no natural ruler among them they are a community of slaves, male and female. Wherefore the poets say,It is meet that Hellenes should rule oer barbarians as if they thought that the barbarian and the slave were by nature one.This gives us some clear insight into the mindset of the citizens of Greek city states.There is a common misconception amongst people that Greece was a unified nation that thought as one. But, I have already displayed a difference between two different cities in Greece and their social structures were sooner different and these differences do poke out us special insights.Greece was not one nation operating under the equal thinking, however it contained many different identities, it is both a Mediterranean and a Balkan country. In fact, an official Greek state did not come into being until Rome joined it as one. There were hundreds of different states across the area which contained the people who became known as the Greeks. Loyalty was held to their own city states, alternatively than Greece as a whole.We can in any case gain some insight into daily life when analysing Greek history in terms of class or status. Most of the population were oblige to work on the soil by those that were free citizens who were a small number of flush landowners and owned a lot of land. The slaves would work on the wealthy landowners land, there was little alternative to this. So they were viewed as mere tools, as the aforementioned quote from Aristotle shows, describing them as animate tools as if they were modern day tractors or any other tool that makes agriculture easier, for the wealthy landowner at least.There is also another area of study, apart from the relationship between the wealthy landowning citizens and the metics and slaves which is about how business in general was conducted in Ancient Greece that is opened to us once we study Ancient Greece from the perspective of status and class. Paul Millet suggests that underpin has had so little written about it that one might think it did not even exist in the Ancient Greek World.However, it must be said, with what little evidence we have Sparta is the city-state we have the most evidence for patronage, further below this is capital of Greece. Athens was viewed as the most advanced state of the time, and the aforementioned Aristotle also viewed it as such, despite its inequalities.This quote from Aristotles Politics is relevant here as, remembering his previously quoted view on barbarians, here he is talking about the citizens of the completed democracy, which does not include slaves, women, metics and others Democracy arose from the idea that those who are equal in any respect are equal absolutely. All are alike free, so they claim that they are all equal absolutely.Athens has always been said to have been the first true democracy by mainstream classical historians, special insight can be gained here from studying Ancient Greek history from a class and status p erspective to denounce that myth. Though all members of the citizenship of Athens could vote at the assembly, the vast majority of the people who actually lived in Athens, like the metics, women, slaves and others could not vote or have any say in political life.Comparisons can be skeletal to today here as, before Solons reforms slavery was given as a punishment for debt. This is comparable to today and offer special insight because today personal debt is at an all time high, particularly in America and Britain and if the debt becomes too high the banks send bailiffs to seize your belongings and your home effectively removing you from the citizenship and making you a metic.Using the Marxist ideology adopted by de Ste Croix in his aforementioned book, more comparisons can be drawn to today as a small nonage of the people still maintain all the wealth. The means of production concept is also as relevant then as it is now and the owners of the means of production, the bourgeoisie sti ll control it thus forcing the common man or the p character referencetariat into working in show to survive. This in effect is slavery as they have no other choice but to work and feed the means of production to keep the wheels of democracy and capitalism turning.Analysing the status of women also offers special insights into Greek History that would otherwise have gone unnoticed by the male dominated classical period. The role of the female in Ancient Greece was one of purely being a housekeeper and a mother to any children she may have. As I have said, there was no way for them to get involved in political life. Plays like Aristophanes Lysistrata shows that the very idea of women being in power was considered completely ludicrous and was only relevant when they wanted to make a joke.Like slaves, women could hold no possessions as they belonged to her father and then once she is married to her husband. Their primary function of looking after the home included the use of many slav es, sorting out finances, spinning, bread making and of course weaving which is the epitomy of the feminine thing to do as in evidence from Homers The Odyssey. They lived and ate in separate quarters from the men, nor could they go out in public on their own.Spartan women had it better as they were allowed to labour part in athletic competitions and generally had more freedoms. Comparisons can be drawn here with modern times also as in the Muslim faith women are encouraged not to be seen in public and in the Christian faith women have always been vilified. This is clearly special insight being drawn from Greeces Ancient history as studying the status or class both offer the opportunity to compare social issues from quaint times to today, as they are clearly still relevant.We can also gain insight from this because Athens direct democracy may not have worked if it werent for its physical exertion of such strict requirements to be allowed to participate. This creates insightful deb ate over this very reasoning meaning that it was not a democracy per se, but rather a democracy for the few where only a small section of society could participate and be elected. Comparisons can also be drawn to today with the long Bush-Clinton dynasty heading towards their fourth straight president, who comes from the same elite wealthy section of society. But the only difference is that the debt slaves of modern times actually discern not to participate instead of being forced not to as was the case in Ancient Athens.A more obvious comparison to modern times and what we can contract from the Ancient Greeks is the modern examples of literal slavery as opposed to the economic enslavement I have spoken of. Slaves in near modern times are quite comparible to those of Ancient times and thus offer an interesting insight into Greek history and what we can learn from it in terms of their mistakes, before slavery was abolished in 1863 in America many people were taken from Africa and el sewhere to America to work as slaves.This is quite reminiscent of the barbarians I quoted Aristotle speaking of earlier, saying how they were less than human. This was the kind of attitude that allowed slavery to continue for as long as it did, and as Western society takes its origins from classical history it is then easy to understand why it was so readily accepted. The same comparisons can be drawn about the treatment of women and minority groups whose racism they had to endure is similar to the treatment and opinions of barbarians at the time.In conclusion, what constitutes special insight can be interpreted many different ways but I feel that it relates to the information we can gain that has previously been ignored by the classical history establishment, in favour of focusing solely on the elite wealthy landowners without considering the slaves and the people who did not necessarily have a voice. This is why I feel de Ste. Croixs use of Marxist ideology in his book The Class S truggle in the Ancient Greek World is extremely apt in portraying this special insight as it effectively shows the same system of control that is employed today as back in the Ancient Greek World in a different format to today, but still ultimately debt slavery.It also offers special insight in the general goings on of Ancient Greek society with the question of status and class relating to patronages usage and if it was even used at all as the lack of it in history books would suggest. The biggest special insight I feel it offers in terms of either class or status is that it shows the lack of willingness to make the unheard voices heard, it clearly shows that Greek history is written by those that dominated it and its majority of people surviving there as slaves, metics, women will unfortunately remain an unheard voice in the trumpeting of the creators of democracy we apparently hold so dear today.ReferencesDe Ste. Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World, Duckworth Ed, 1997Paul Millet, Patronage in Ancient Society, Routledge, 1989Aristotle, The Politics, Jowett translation, revised by Jonathan Barnes, 1981Homer, The Odyssey, E.V. Rieu translation, Penguin Books, 2003.Arisophanes, Lysistrata and Other Plays, Alan H. Sommerstein translation, 2003Professor Paul Cartledge, Critics and Critiques of Athenian Democracy, 1st January 2001, BBC http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greekcritics_01.shtml

Understanding Chimpanzee Culture Essay -- primates biology and behavior

In primates such as chimpanzees it is imperative to look at their culture to understand their intelligence. Culture in this circumstance means a specific set of behaviors obtained through learning in a population/species. Chimpanzees intelligence is quite unequaled how they interact with their environment and procedure it to their benefit just like humans. They have the ability to overcome the obstacles of everyday life through learning and the ability to use roosters to create a better quality of life. The complexity of their intellect is different from any other animal ever seen. A significant part of chimpanzee intelligence that sets them apart from other primates and puts them closer to humans is the way they exhibit social learning within their culture and interactions within their environment. When it comes to interacting with the environment tool use by chimpanzees is very vital to differentiating their intelligent within their culture. Chimpanzees are some of the very few unique primates that use a categorisation of tools which makes them stand out as very proficient tool users besides humans. According to David Watts chimpanzees use the tools to enhance their way of living. Chimpanzees at several well record sites mostly use tools in extractive foraging, and extractive tool use can substantially increase their foraging efficiency. They also use tools for hygiene and for several other purposes, including attracting the maintenance of conspecifics, as in leaf-clipping (Watts 2008, 83). Subsequently chimpanzees are intellectual enough to alter an object to create a tool, and then use the tool for a on the nose purpose. Then on the other hand chimpanzees use tools to overcome everyday obstacles. As expressed by Watts chimpanzee toolkits mak... ...and put them in a full-page different category from other primates. Unlike other animals there intellect gives them the ability to create, learn and flourish as primates. Even though they are non as int elligent as humans, they have a very significant cognition that puts them closer to humans. Works CitedElizabeth E., Price. A Potent Effect Of Observational education On Chimpanzee Tool Construction. Proceedings Of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences 276.1671 (2009) 3377-3383. Academic Search Premier. Web. 15 Nov. 2013.Horner, Victoria, Proctor,Darby . Prestige Affects Cultural Learning In Chimpanzees. Plos ONE 5.5 (2010) 1-5. Academic Search Premier. Web. 15Nov. 2013Watts, David P. Tool Use By Chimpanzees At Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. International Journal Of Primatology 29.1 (2008) 83-94. Academic Search Premier. Web. 15 Nov. 2013.

Cathedral by Raymond Carver Essay -- Papers Cathedral Raymond Carver E

Cathedral by Raymond CarverIn Raymond Carver?s ?Cathedral?, the conventional ideas often associated with craftness and sight are challenged. By juxtaposing his two male characters, Carver is able to effectively explore sight and its seemingly simplistic relationship with learning and knowledge. As well, he addresses the barriers imposed by the human tendency to rely on vision as the sole means of experiencing the world.At the beginning of the story, the narrator?s perception on blind people as individuals who ?moved slowly and never laughed? reflect not only his but also the views generally shared by society (720). The fidget experienced by the narrator at the prospect of ?a blind man in his house? is a representation of the prejudices and fears that we often face when exposed and hale to deal with strange and foreign things (720). Blindness seems especially ab recipe to us because vision plays such a heavy role in our everyday ?normal? lives not seeing equates to not being ab le to truly understand and experience the beauties of life. Just knowing that the blind man had a wife who he ?lived, worked, slept with?had sex?and then buried. All without having ever seen what the goddamned woman looked like? baffles the narrator (722). ?It is beyond his understanding? how anyone can exist in such an partial existence and thus is much deserved of his pity (722). As the story progresses the narrator finally meets the blind man who is introduced to him as Robert?before this, the speaker only if refers to Robert as ?the blind man?. The establishment of ?Robert? who ?didn?t use a cane and didn?t ware dark glasses? surprised him?going against the conventions that he had always believed seeing this b... ..., only through his forced interaction with Robert and his blindness is he able to close his eye and open up his mind. This awakening reveals to him a form of communication, experience and expression that cannot just be seen. In the end it is ironic that e ven though the narrator was attempting to teach Robert something it was the he who seemed to gain the well-nigh from the experience. The blind man and their drawing of the Cathedral are able to defy his previous conceptions of life and thus open a vast array of new-fangled possibilities. We are left wondering how much more the narrator learned about himself and about human communication than the blind man has learnt about cathedrals. BibliographyCarver, Raymond. Cathedral. The Norton inductionTo Literature. Jerome Beaty and J. Paul Hunter. Seventh Edition. New York WW Norton1998.